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南海珊瑚礁区长棘海星重金属含量的区域差异
Regional differences in heavy metal content in Acanthaster solaris from coral reefs in the South China Sea
长棘海星(Acanthaster solaris)摄食珊瑚,其种群暴发会直接降低活珊瑚覆盖度,严重影响珊瑚礁生态系统的稳定性。海洋生物的重金属富集是人为干扰海洋生态的重要标志,但目前关于长棘海星重金属富集组织特征及空间差异的研究尚不多见。本文开展了南海西沙群岛与南沙群岛珊瑚礁区长棘海星不同组织重金属特征的对比研究,发现:相较于南沙群岛,西沙群岛样品重金属含量整体更高,钒(V)和镉(Cd)的区域差异最显著(p<0.05),西沙群岛V、Cd含量分别为南沙群岛的1.73~4.79倍、1.33~3.64倍;西沙群岛珊瑚礁区采集的长棘海星重量、辐径和腕长显著高于南沙群岛(p<0.001);长棘海星重金属富集特征具有组织相似性,聚类分析可将其划分为两个类别:骨骼、体壁、棘刺为一类,胃、幽门盲囊和生殖腺为另一类;各组织V、Mo含量与个体重量、辐径呈显著负相关(p<0.01),骨骼中Pb与重量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。南海长棘海星重金属富集的区域特征与水体重金属“近岸高、远海低”的空间分布格局相符,能够反映海域环境背景及人为干扰的差异,为认识南海珊瑚礁区长棘海星的环境指示意义提供参考。
The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster solaris) preys on corals, and its population outbreaks directly reduce live coral coverage, severely impacting the stability of coral reef ecosystems. Heavy metal accumulation by marine organisms is an important indicator of anthropogenic impacts on marine ecology; however, studies on heavy metal bioaccumulation characteristics and spatial variations in A.solaris remain limited. Based on a comparative analysis of heavy metal content in different tissues of A.solaris from coral reefs in the Xisha and Nansha Islands in the South China Sea, this study revealed that heavy metal content in A.solaris collected from the Xisha Islands were generally higher than those from the Nansha Islands, with regional differences in vanadium (V) and cadmium (Cd) being most significant (p<0.05). V and Cd content in samples from the Xisha Islands were 1.73-4.79 and 1.33-3.64 times those of the Nansha Islands, respectively. It was also found that the weight, body size and arm length of A.solaris collected from the Xisha Islands were significantly higher than those from the Nansha Islands (p<0.001). In addition, heavy metal accumulation characteristics exhibited similarities across different tissues of A.solaris, and cluster analysis classified them into two groups: one included skeletons, body walls and spines, and the other included of stomachs, pyloric caeca and gonads. Finally, content of V and Mo in different tissues showed significant negative correlations with weight and body size (p<0.01), while Pb in skeletons showed a significant positive correlation with weight (p<0.05). The regional variations in heavy metal accumulation in A.solaris consistent with the “high nearshore, low offshore” spatial distribution pattern of heavy metals in seawater, reflecting differences in marine environmental background and anthropogenic disturbance intensity, and offering insights into the environmental indicator significance of A.solaris in the coral reef areas of the South China Sea.
长棘海星 / 重金属 / 污染 / 南海 / 珊瑚礁 / 西沙群岛 / 南沙群岛 / 环境指示
Acanthaster solaris / heavy metals / pollution / South China Sea / coral reefs / Xisha Islands / Nansha Islands / environmental indicator
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Outbreaks of corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (CoTS, Acanthaster spp.) have caused persistent and widespread loss of coral cover across Indo-Pacific coral reefs. The potential drivers of these outbreaks have been debated for more than 50 years, hindering effective management to limit their destructive impacts. Here, we show that fish biomass removal through commercial and recreational fisheries may be a major driver of CoTS population outbreaks. CoTS densities increase systematically with increasing fish biomass removal, including for known CoTS predators. Moreover, the biomass of fish species and families that influence CoTS densities are 1.4 to 2.1-fold higher on reefs within no-take marine reserves, while CoTS densities are 2.8-fold higher on reefs that are open to fishing, indicating the applicability of fisheries-based management to prevent CoTS outbreaks. Designing targeted fisheries management with consideration of CoTS population dynamics may offer a tangible and promising contribution to effectively reduce the detrimental impacts of CoTS outbreaks across the Indo-Pacific.© 2021. Crown.
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王璐, 余克服, 王英辉, 等. 南海中沙群岛、西沙群岛珊瑚岛礁区海水重金属的分布特征[J]. 热带地理, 2017, 37(5): 718-727.
基于2015年夏季对中国南海中沙群岛的黄岩岛和西沙群岛的永兴岛、七连屿、东岛、浪花礁、北礁、华光礁、盘石屿、玉琢礁等9个岛礁区的综合科学调查和采样，重点研究了重金属元素在礁区海水中的分布情况。结果表明：1）中、西沙海域的这9个岛礁区海水中重金属铜、铅、锌、镉、铬、砷的平均质量浓度分别为1.309、1.702、2.831、0.056、0.204、0.272 μg/L，重金属整体水平较低，并以锌、铅、铜为主，质量浓度达所测重金属元素总量的92％，仅部分站点的铅元素质量浓度高于国家一类海水水质标准。2）在分布上大致呈现东部岛礁区高于西部岛礁区的特点，环礁潟湖与礁坡的海水重金属含量具有差异性，礁坡水体的铜、铅、锌、镉含量均高于潟湖，砷低于潟湖，这种差异可能与潟湖水体相对封闭有关。3）影响中、西沙岛礁区海水重金属分布的环境因子，主要包括陆源输入、大气沉降、环流等，其中陆源主要影响锌，大气沉降对铅作用明显，环流影响局部水平。4）采用权重修正内梅罗污染指数进行水质综合评价，得出中、西沙岛礁区域总体处于较清洁水平，海水重金属含量没有达到影响珊瑚生长的水平，但是铜元素对珊瑚的生长可能存在潜在危害。
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During two North Sea field trips in March 1995 and September 1996 sea stars, Asterias rubens, were collected at various stations along pollution gradients in order to study the relation between biochemical markers and levels of accumulated contaminants. Biomarkers measured were: cytochrome P450 level, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and DNA integrity. Accumulation levels of heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the pyloric caeca of sea stars indicate different pollution gradients, influenced by rivers in The Netherlands, UK and Germany. For some contaminants, especially PAHs, relatively high levels were found in the central part of the North Sea (Dogger Bank). On the basis of multivariate statistics, stations near the mouth of the Elbe and the Rhine/Meuse were shown to have different patterns of biomarker responses. Sea stars from stations in coastal zones showed relatively high levels of cytochrome P450 and 'P418', another haemoprotein that is present in most marine invertebrates. The station nearest to the Elbe Estuary showed the lowest BPH and AChE activity. DNA integrity was lower especially in stations near the Dutch coast and in a station near the Tees/Tyne estuaries. Using these biomarkers as early warning signals of exposure and/or adverse effects, this type of monitoring can be used also in the future to study the spatial and temporal trends in the quality of coastal waters.
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赵思佳, 张媛媛, 余克服, 等. 南海珊瑚礁区棘冠海星重金属含量及其生物积累特征分析[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2022, 41(4): 579-585.
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Zinc is a critical component in a number of conserved processes that regulate female germ cell growth, fertility, and pregnancy. During follicle development, a sufficient intracellular concentration of zinc in the oocyte maintains meiotic arrest at prophase I until the germ cell is ready to undergo maturation. An adequate supply of zinc is necessary for the oocyte to form a fertilization-competent egg as dietary zinc deficiency or chelation of zinc disrupts maturation and reduces the oocyte quality. Following sperm fusion to the egg to initiate the acrosomal reaction, a quick release of zinc, known as the zinc spark, induces egg activation in addition to facilitating zona pellucida hardening and reducing sperm motility to prevent polyspermy. Symmetric division, proliferation, and differentiation of the preimplantation embryo rely on zinc availability, both during the oocyte development and post-fertilization. Further, the fetal contribution to the placenta, fetal limb growth, and neural tube development are hindered in females challenged with zinc deficiency during pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the role of zinc in germ cell development, fertilization, and pregnancy with a focus on recent studies in mammalian females. We further detail the fundamental zinc-mediated reproductive processes that have only been explored in non-mammalian species and speculate on the role of zinc in similar mechanisms of female mammals. The evidence collected over the last decade highlights the necessity of zinc for normal fertility and healthy pregnancy outcomes, which suggests zinc supplementation should be considered for reproductive age women at risk of zinc deficiency.© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for the Study of Reproduction. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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The Arabian Gulf is considered among the highest anthropogenically impacted regions in the world. Heavy metals contamination in coastal and marine environments is becoming an increasingly serious threat to both the naturally stressed marine ecosystems and humans that rely on marine resources for food, industry and recreation. Heavy metals are introduced to coastal and marine environments through a variety of sources and activities including sewage and industrial effluents, brine discharges, coastal modifications and oil pollution. The present paper reviews heavy metal contamination in a variety of marine organisms, and sediments, and suggests measures for environmental management of heavy metal pollution in the Arabian Gulf. Most of the reviewed literature confirmed that heavy metal concentrations in marine organisms were generally within allowable concentrations and pose no threat to public health. Likewise, studies suggested that levels of heavy metals in marine sediments are similar or lower compared to other regions. However, localized hotspots of chronic metal pollution in areas influenced by industrial facilities, desalination plants, and oil refineries have been reported. Holistic spatial and temporal monitoring and comprehensive national and regional strategies are critical to combat and manage heavy metal pollution in the Arabian Gulf.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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