The global network of protected areas has rapidly expanded in the past decade and is expected to cover at least 30% of land and sea by 2030 to halt biodiversity erosion. Yet, the distribution of protected areas is highly heterogeneous on Earth and the social-environmental preconditions enabling or hindering protected area establishment remain poorly understood. Here, using fourteen socioeconomic and environmental factors, we characterize the multidimensional niche of terrestrial and marine protected areas, which we use to accurately establish, at the global scale, whether a particular location has preconditions favourable for paestablishment. We reveal that protected areas, particularly the most restrictive ones, over-aggregate where human development and the number of non-governmental organizations are high. Based on the spatial distribution of vertebrates and the likelihood to convert non-protected areas into strictly protected areas, we identify 'potential' versus 'unrealistic' conservation gains on land and sea, which we define as areas of high vertebrate diversity that are, respectively, favourable and unfavourable to protected area establishment. Where protected areas are unrealistic, alternative strategies such as other effective area-based conservation measures or privately protected areas, could deliver conservation outcomes.© 2024. The Author(s).

国土空间生态安全格局是为保障生态安全，在国土空间内进行生态保护和生态修复的规划和布局。分析中国国土空间生态安全格局的发展历程和特点对推动国土空间生态安全格局构建与优化具有重大意义。梳理了中国国土空间生态安全格局理念演进的不同阶段，明确不同阶段的标志性事件，分析了当前国土空间生态安全构建的特点，指出支撑国土空间生态安全格局建设的重点。随着社会经济的发展和对生态安全理论认知的逐步深入，中国国土空间生态安全格局布局在针对单一生态问题进行修复、奠定“两屏三带”国土空间生态安全格局的基础上，开始构建以“三区四带”为主体的国土空间生态安全格局；当前中国国土空间生态安全格局构建在空间上更加注重地理单元的功能完整性，在要素上重视山水林田湖草一体化治理，在布局上强调生态、生产、生活空间协调。未来需要加强已经实施生态工程与国土空间生态安全格局构建的衔接，在气候变化和人类活动强度增加的背景下，仍然在科学规划生态安全格局并量化效益、科学应对风险、加强动态监测和协调管理、积极引导公众参与等方面着力，为国土空间生态安全格局构建提供坚实的支持。

历史时期的黄河以善决善徙闻名于世。其尾闾入海路线大致可归结为三条。或北道由天津附近入渤海,历时二千四百余年;或中路趋山东利津入海,历时一千四百余年;或南线出云梯关入黄海,历七百余年。

Ocean fronts, characterized by narrow zones with sharp changes in water properties, are vital hotspots for ecosystem services and key regulators of regional and global climates. Global change is reshaping the distribution of material and energy in the ocean; however, it remains unclear how fronts have varied in the last few decades. Here, we present a global, fine-scale digital atlas of persistent fronts around Large Marine Ecosystems and demonstrate significant global increases in both their occurrence and intensity. In subtropical regions (around boundary currents and upwelling systems) and polar regions, persistent frontal occurrence and intensity are rapidly increasing, while in tropical regions, they remain stable or slightly decrease. These enhancements may be respectively related to changes in boundary currents, upwelling, and sea ice retreat. This spatially heterogeneous trend holds important implications for the redistribution of front-related ecosystem services and air-sea interactions but has not been captured by representative high-resolution climate projections models or observation-assimilated ocean models.© 2024. The Author(s).

Comparisons between terrestrial and marine ecosystems are generally not in the main stream of scientific literature even though Webb (2012) listed several points for which the transfer of knowledge and concepts related to one or to the other system would benefit our understanding of both. Even sharing this view, the leading hypothesis behind this contribution is that the pelagic system, where the dominant biotic component by number and biomass is microscopic, has specific features which strongly differentiate it from the above-the-surface terrestrial systems. Due to this, climate change, i.e. changes in temperature, precipitation and most importantly in the dynamics of the two fluid media, atmosphere and ocean, act with different mechanisms which prevents proceeding with analogies in many cases. In addition, the non-linearity of most of the processes and responses to perturbations requires, in order to obtain reliable forecasts or hindcasts, a detailed analysis of the path followed by the system which is normally overlooked in the step-change simulations or projections.

. The deep sea, the largest biome on Earth, has a series of characteristics that make this environment both distinct from other marine and land ecosystems and unique for the entire planet. This review describes these patterns and processes, from geological settings to biological processes, biodiversity and biogeographical patterns. It concludes with a brief discussion of current threats from anthropogenic activities to deep-sea habitats and their fauna. Investigations of deep-sea habitats and their fauna began in the late 19th century. In the intervening years, technological developments and stimulating discoveries have promoted deep-sea research and changed our way of understanding life on the planet. Nevertheless, the deep sea is still mostly unknown and current discovery rates of both habitats and species remain high. The geological, physical and geochemical settings of the deep-sea floor and the water column form a series of different habitats with unique characteristics that support specific faunal communities. Since 1840, 28 new habitats/ecosystems have been discovered from the shelf break to the deep trenches and discoveries of new habitats are still happening in the early 21st century. However, for most of these habitats the global area covered is unknown or has been only very roughly estimated; an even smaller – indeed, minimal – proportion has actually been sampled and investigated. We currently perceive most of the deep-sea ecosystems as heterotrophic, depending ultimately on the flux on organic matter produced in the overlying surface ocean through photosynthesis. The resulting strong food limitation thus shapes deep-sea biota and communities, with exceptions only in reducing ecosystems such as inter alia hydrothermal vents or cold seeps. Here, chemoautolithotrophic bacteria play the role of primary producers fuelled by chemical energy sources rather than sunlight. Other ecosystems, such as seamounts, canyons or cold-water corals have an increased productivity through specific physical processes, such as topographic modification of currents and enhanced transport of particles and detrital matter. Because of its unique abiotic attributes, the deep sea hosts a specialized fauna. Although there are no phyla unique to deep waters, at lower taxonomic levels the composition of the fauna is distinct from that found in the upper ocean. Amongst other characteristic patterns, deep-sea species may exhibit either gigantism or dwarfism, related to the decrease in food availability with depth. Food limitation on the seafloor and water column is also reflected in the trophic structure of heterotrophic deep-sea communities, which are adapted to low energy availability. In most of these heterotrophic habitats, the dominant megafauna is composed of detritivores, while filter feeders are abundant in habitats with hard substrata (e.g. mid-ocean ridges, seamounts, canyon walls and coral reefs). Chemoautotrophy through symbiotic relationships is dominant in reducing habitats. Deep-sea biodiversity is among of the highest on the planet, mainly composed of macro and meiofauna, with high evenness. This is true for most of the continental margins and abyssal plains with hot spots of diversity such as seamounts or cold-water corals. However, in some ecosystems with particularly \"extreme\" physicochemical processes (e.g. hydrothermal vents), biodiversity is low but abundance and biomass are high and the communities are dominated by a few species. Two large-scale diversity patterns have been discussed for deep-sea benthic communities. First, a unimodal relationship between diversity and depth is observed, with a peak at intermediate depths (2000–3000 m), although this is not universal and particular abiotic processes can modify the trend. Secondly, a poleward trend of decreasing diversity has been discussed, but this remains controversial and studies with larger and more robust data sets are needed. Because of the paucity in our knowledge of habitat coverage and species composition, biogeographic studies are mostly based on regional data or on specific taxonomic groups. Recently, global biogeographic provinces for the pelagic and benthic deep ocean have been described, using environmental and, where data were available, taxonomic information. This classification described 30 pelagic provinces and 38 benthic provinces divided into 4 depth ranges, as well as 10 hydrothermal vent provinces. One of the major issues faced by deep-sea biodiversity and biogeographical studies is related to the high number of species new to science that are collected regularly, together with the slow description rates for these new species. Taxonomic coordination at the global scale is particularly difficult, but is essential if we are to analyse large diversity and biogeographic trends.

Dynamic management approaches protect endangered bycatch species but with much greater efficiency than existing static closures.

建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，从改革角度看是贯彻习近平生态文明思想的重大举措，从国土空间治理角度看是做实生态建设的核心载体和维护其在国家生态安全中的首要地位。为了更好地理解与诠释生态文明建设背景下中国自然保护地的发展规律及其背后的驱动因素，我们邀请了七位来自生态文明和国家公园相关领域的知名专家，就自然保护地的以下方面进行了探讨：生态文明建设、人地关系、人与自然的冲突和共生转换机制、自然保护地的治理体系和中国治理体系对全球生态文明建设的贡献、自然资源资产产权制度、自然保护地的日常管理与监督、自然保护地的生态补偿和特许经营等。主要结论有：（1）只有生态文明体制才能真正使各地地方政府处理好自然保护地的保护与发展关系，而国家公园是生态文明体制改革中整体进展最快、制度改革最系统的领域。（2）要实现“最严格的保护”，在关注自然保护地“地”的同时，强调在“因地制宜”“恋地主义原真性”等视角下考虑“人”（尤其本地居民）在生态系统中的功能和参与方式。（3）自然保护地人与自然冲突的制度成因主要源自不同层级政府之间的利益结构冲突。解决冲突、实现人与自然共生，需要优化治理体系尤其是调整各级政府的责权利制度，重构利益维度，形成利益共同体。（4）在自然保护地治理体系中，要处理好多元主体的各类关系，需要在统一的管理目标下对不同利益主体责权利进行统筹协调与高效配置，建构自然保护地共治格局与多元共治体系。（5）全球自然保护治理存在资本逻辑与生态逻辑、自然保护地与人居系统、自然保护目标与全球执行力之间的深层次矛盾。新时代中国特色社会主义的制度优势和几千年积淀形成的“人与天调”的文化传统能为全球生态文明建设贡献中国智慧。（6）针对自然保护地体系建设需求及其在国土空间规划中的定位，进一步优化自然资源资产产权制度，探索有利于处理保护与发展关系的国土空间用途管制制度。（7）国家机构改革前，自然保护地存在“九龙治水”的破碎化管理问题。机构改革后有专门部门分别对自然保护地进行日常综合管理和监督执法，实现了管理与监督的统一、规范与有序。（8）要持久做到生态保护第一，就必须普遍实现两山转化，尤其是在市场经济条件下实现两山转化。国家公园特许经营制度是一种市场化、多元化的生态补偿路径，也是绿色发展的一种有效方式，需要用多种方式积极进行政府特许经营和品牌特许经营的探索。