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基于环境容量约束的小型热带潟湖水质改善策略研究:以海南万宁小海潟湖为例
向芸芸, 方欣, 侯宗浩, 杨辉, 孙昭晨, 苏斌伟, 张亦飞
海洋学研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1) : 136-148.
PDF(4574 KB)
PDF(4574 KB)
基于环境容量约束的小型热带潟湖水质改善策略研究:以海南万宁小海潟湖为例
Study on water quality improvement strategies for small tropical lagoons under environmental capacity constraints: A case study of the Xiaohai Lagoon, Hainan
受弱水动力交换与高强度陆源输入影响,小型热带潟湖富营养化风险显著,如何突破“总量概算”局限,构建可操作的空间化管控方案是当前治理难点。本研究以海南万宁小海为例,构建了“二维水动力-水质模型、网格尺度容量核算、多情景负荷调控”的一体化评估框架,通过整合多源数据,定量解析了COD、DIN与DIP的空间异质性及其剩余容量分布。结果表明:1)小海潟湖水质呈现显著的“口门富余-内湖赤字”二元梯度格局;在Ⅲ类水质目标下,DIN处于临界饱和,DIP为无剩余容量的“绝对刚性瓶颈”;在II类水质目标下,DIN和DIP全部超载,系统容量趋于耗尽。2)情景模拟揭示,水动力优化工程虽能释放物理容量,但存在改善天花板,且增益易被社会经济增长带来的新增负荷迅速“抵消”。3)仅在实施流域-潟湖联动的“深度源头减排”情景下,系统方能突破物理阈值,实现全域约87%的面积达到II类水质标准。本研究提出的“核算-分区-减排”框架,实现了从笼统的总量控制向“源头减量-空间匹配-过程优化”的精准治理范式转型,可为同类型半封闭海湾的精细化治理提供科学依据与技术路径。
Small tropical lagoons are highly susceptible to eutrophication due to restricted hydrodynamic exchange and intensive land-based inputs. However, translating theoretical “environmental capacity” into actionable, spatially explicit control schemes remains a critical challenge. Taking the Xiaohai Lagoon in Hainan as a case study, this research establishes an integrated assessment framework coupling a two-dimensional hydrodynamic-water-quality model with grid-scale capacity accounting and multi-scenario load regulation. By integrating multi-source data, we quantitatively characterized the spatial heterogeneity of COD, DIN, and DIP and their remaining capacities. The results indicate: (1) Water quality exhibits a significant “inlet surplus-inner basin deficit” dual gradient. Under Class Ⅲ water quality targets, DIN is at critical saturation, while DIP acts as an “absolute rigid constraint” with zero remaining capacity; under Class II water quality targets, widespread nitrogen and phosphorus overload leads to capacity exhaustion. (2) Scenario simulations reveal that while hydrodynamic optimization engineering can release physical capacity, it has a “ceiling effect,” and the benefits are easily “offset” by incremental loads from socio-economic growth. (3) Only under a “deep source reduction” scenario coordinating the watershed and lagoon can the system breach physical thresholds, achieving Class II compliance in approximately 87% of the water area. The proposed “Accounting-Zoning-Reduction” framework facilitates a paradigm shift from gross total load control to precision governance characterized by “source reduction, spatial matching, and process optimization”, offering a transferable technical pathway for similar semi-enclosed coastal waters.
小海潟湖 / 海洋环境容量 / 二维水动力-水质模型 / 总量控制 / 富营养化 / 情景模拟 / 分区管控 / 精细化治理
Xiaohai Lagoon / marine environmental capacity / 2D hydrodynamic-water-quality model / total load control / eutrophication / scenario simulation / zoning control / precision governance
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Eutrophication is a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide, and the Mar Menor hypersaline lagoon exemplifies a coastal lagoon at risk of algal blooms due to excessive nutrient loads, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These nutrients originate from various sources within the lagoon’s catchment area, including urban, agricultural, and livestock activities. Regular and occasional loads—during flood events—produce algal blooms that can significantly reduce the water oxygen content and cause massive mortalities, as observed in recent years. A daily algal growth model (Mmag) was developed to better understand the processes and determine key elements such as the phosphorus water–sediment interchange and deep water plants that effect the entire ecosystem and algal growth. The analysis developed can be applied in other wetlands around the world facing similar challenges. In the Mar Menor, both nitrogen and phosphorus have high relevance depending on the period of the year and the phosphorus legacy in the sediments. Floods are the main phosphorus input to the lagoon (80–90%), which goes to the sediment and is released after during the warm months in the following years. At the end of summer, phosphorus released from the sediment and the regular nitrate inputs to the lagoon increase the algal bloom risk. The good status of deep water plants, which reduces the phosphorus release in summer, is a key element to reduce the algal bloom risk. An integrated set of measures is required to reduce the mean chlorophyll to levels under 1 or 0.5 µgChla/L that can make the Mar Menor more robust and resilient.
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