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全球气候变化下汞污染对海洋生物的生态毒理效应
Ecotoxicological effects of mercury pollution on marine organisms under global climate change
全球气候变化背景下，海洋酸化与暖化对汞污染生态毒性效应的复合影响及其机制是环境科学领域的研究热点。本文系统梳理现有研究进展，分析酸化与暖化单一或复合胁迫对汞的生物累积、毒性效应及生物响应的影响。研究发现：海洋酸化可抑制汞的生物累积，诱导生物通过能量补偿与应激反应降低汞毒性，显示出两者的拮抗作用；海水暖化与汞污染则表现为协同效应，暖化通过加速生物代谢、促进汞累积、诱发氧化损伤，加剧汞的生态毒性；在酸化与暖化复合胁迫下，汞累积的抑制效应可被部分抵消，同时免疫防御下调、繁殖损伤加剧，使得汞的毒性效应总体增强。研究表明，单一考虑酸化或暖化气候压力，易严重低估海洋汞污染的长期生态风险，根源在于忽略了复合胁迫中暖化对酸化的抵消作用以及复合胁迫引发的能量成本超出生物代偿能力这一关键机制。未来亟需开展多环境因子、多生物世代与生态系统尺度的整合研究，厘清复杂气候变化背景下的汞污染毒性效应作用机制，为制定精准的风险管控策略提供科学依据。
Under global climate change， the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on mercury （Hg） ecotoxicity and their underlying mechanisms have become a research focus in environmental science. This paper has comprehensively reviewed existing studies and analyzed the interactive effects of acidification and warming on Hg bioaccumulation， toxicity effects， and biological responses. The key findings reveal that ocean acidification primarily mitigates Hg toxicity by inhibiting Hg bioaccumulation and inducing energy compensation and stress responses in organisms， demonstrating their antagonistic interaction. In contrast， warming exerts a synergistic effect with Hg pollution， i.e.， exacerbating Hg toxicity by increasing metabolic rates， promoting Hg accumulation， and inducing oxidative damage. Under the more realistic scenario of combined acidification and warming， the inhibitory effect of acidification on Hg accumulation is partially offset， while immune defense downregulation and reproductive damage are intensified， ultimately leading to an overall enhancement of Hg toxicity. These findings suggest that assessments based solely on single climate stressors （acidification or warming） may substantially underestimate the long-term ecological risks of Hg pollution in marine ecosystems. Such underestimation stems from the neglect of warming’s counteraction on acidification and the dual energy demand arising from combined acidification and warming exceeding an organism’s compensatory capacity. Future research should prioritize integrated assessments across multi-stressors， multigenerational exposure， and ecosystem levels to reveal the complex mechanisms of Hg toxicity under global climate change， provide a scientific basis for developing accurate risk management strategies.
海洋酸化 / 海洋暖化 / 汞污染 / 相互作用 / 多世代 / 分子机理 / 生态风险评估
ocean acidification / ocean warming / mercury pollution / interaction / multi-generation / molecular mechanisms / ecological risk assessment
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The Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS), which are adjacent to the most urbanized and industrialized areas in China, are facing a variety of environmental problems. Two cruises were conducted to investigate the pollution status of toxic metals in BS and YS sediments. They generally presented a decreasing trend from near shore to offshore. In addition, two high concentration areas were observed in the central south YS and north of the Shandong Peninsula. The results of multiple regression analyses suggest that Hg is mainly controlled by anthropogenic loading, whereas for Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, sediment properties, especially the Fe oxides content, play a more important role. For As and Cd, the contribution of anthropogenic loading and sediment properties are comparable. The risk assessment indicates that Hg, As, Cd and Ni should be listed as the primary contaminant metals in the BS and YS.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Ocean acidification (OA) leads to significant changes in seawater carbon chemistry, broadly affects marine organisms, and considered as a global threat to the fitness of marine ecosystems. Due to the crucial role of copepods in marine food webs of transferring energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the impacts of OA on biological traits of copepods such as growth and reproduction. Under OA stress, the copepods demonstrated species-specific and stage-dependent responses. Notably, different populations of the same copepod species demonstrated different sensitivities to the increased pCO. In copepods, the deleterious effects of OA are also reinforced by other naturally occurring co-stressors (e.g., thermal stress, food deprivation, and metal pollution). Given that most OA stress studies have focused on the effects of short-term exposure (shorter than a single generation), experiments using adults might have underestimated the damaging effects of OA and the long-term multigenerational exposure to multiple stressors (e.g., increased pCO and food shortage) will be required. Particularly, omics-based technologies (e.g., genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) will be helpful to better understand the underlying processes behind biological responses (e.g., survival, development, and offspring production) at the mechanistic level which will improve our predictions of the responses of copepods to climate change stressors including OA.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Ocean acidification (OA) may potentially modify the responses of aquatic organisms to other environmental stressors including metals. In this study, we investigated the effects of near-future OA (pCO(2) 1000 mu atm) and mercury (Hg) on the development and reproduction of marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus under multigenerational life-cycle exposure. Metal accumulation as well as seven life history traits (survival rate, sex ratio, developmental time from nauplius to copepodite, developmental time from nauplius to adult, number of clutches, number of nauplii/clutch and fecundity) was quantified for each generation. Hg exposure alone evidently suppressed the number of nauplii/clutch, whereas single OA exposure negligibly affected the seven traits of copepods. However, OA exposure significantly alleviated the Hg inhibitory effects on number of nauplii/clutch and fecundity, which could be explained by the reduced Hg accumulation under OA. Such combined exposure also significantly shortened the development time. Thus, in contrast to earlier findings for other toxic metals, this study demonstrated that OA potentially mitigated the Hg toxicity to some important life traits in marine copepods during multigenerational exposure.
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Mercury (Hg) is globally recognized as a persistent chemical contaminant that accumulates in marine biota, thus constituting an ecological hazard, as well as a health risk to seafood consumers. Climate change-related stressors may influence the bioaccumulation, detoxification, and toxicity of chemical contaminants, such as Hg. Yet, the potential interactions between environmental stressors and contaminants, as well as their impacts on marine organisms and seafood safety, are still unclear. Hence, the aim of this work was to assess the bioaccumulation of Hg and neuro-oxidative responses on the commercial flat fish species Solea senegalensis (muscle, liver, and brain) co-exposed to dietary Hg in its most toxic form (i.e., MeHg), seawater warming (ΔT°C = +4 °C), and acidification (pCO2 = +1000 µatm, equivalent to ΔpH = −0.4 units). In general, fish liver exhibited the highest Hg concentration, followed by brain and muscle. Warming enhanced Hg bioaccumulation, whereas acidification decreased this element’s levels. Neuro-oxidative responses to stressors were affected by both climate change-related stressors and Hg dietary exposure. Hazard quotient (HQ) estimations evidenced that human exposure to Hg through the consumption of fish species may be aggravated in tomorrow’s ocean, thus raising concerns from the seafood safety perspective.
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Warming is an expected impact of climate change that will affect coastal areas in the future. These areas are also subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures leading to chemical contamination. Yet, the consequences of both factors for marine ecosystems, biota and consumers are still unknown. The present work aims to investigate, for the first time, the effect of temperature increase on bioaccumulation and elimination of mercury [(total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg)] in three tissues (muscle, liver, and brain) of a commercially important seafood species - European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish were exposed to the ambient temperature currently used in seabass rearing (18°C) and to the expected ocean warming (+4°C, i.e. 22°C), as well as dietary MeHg during 28 days, followed by a depuration period of 28 days fed with a control diet. In both temperature exposures, higher MeHg contents were observed in the brain, followed by the muscle and liver. Liver registered the highest elimination percentages (EF; up to 64% in the liver, 20% in the brain, and 3% in the muscle). Overall, the results clearly indicate that a warming environment promotes MeHg bioaccumulation in all tissues (e.g. highest levels in brain: 8.1mgkg(-1) ww at 22°C against 6.2mgkg(-1) ww at 18°C after 28 days of MeHg exposure) and hampers MeHg elimination (e.g. liver EF decreases after 28 days of depuration: from 64.2% at 18°C to 50.3% at 22°C). These findings suggest that seafood safety may be compromised in a warming context, particularly for seafood species with contaminant concentrations close to the current regulatory levels. Hence, results point out the need to strengthen research in this area and to revise and/or adapt the current recommendations regarding human exposure to chemical contaminants through seafood consumption, in order to integrate the expected effects of climate change.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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