考虑潮位校正的乐清湾潮滩面积近30年变化遥感研究

doi:10.3969-j.issn.1001-909X.2023.01.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

潮滩是滨海湿地的重要组成部分,监测其演变对于蓝碳增汇具有重要意义。卫星遥感是目前应用最广泛的潮滩监测手段之一,但受潮位影响,遥感提取的潮滩面积往往被低估。本文利用2016—2021年Sentinel-2卫星影像提取乐清湾潮滩瞬时面积,建立了潮滩面积与潮位的定量关系模型,从而实现潮滩面积的潮位校正。在此基础上,将建立的校正模型应用于Landsat卫星影像,获取了1988—2020年期间7个时期的乐清湾潮滩面积,并分析了乐清湾潮滩面积近30年的变化及主要驱动因素。结果表明,乐清湾潮滩面积在1988—1994年期间显著增加,在1994—2010年期间急剧减少,在2010—2015年期间少量增长,而在2015—2020年期间再次减少。人类活动对潮滩的开发利用是乐清湾潮滩面积变化的主要驱动因素。

关键词: 潮滩面积, 乐清湾, 卫星遥感, 潮位校正, 潮滩演变, 驱动因素

Abstract:

Tidal flat is an important part of coastal wetland, and is of great significance for blue carbon. Remote sensing is the most widely used method for tidal flat monitoring, but due to the influence of tides, the area of tidal flat extracted by remote sensing is often greatly underestimated. In this study, Sentinel-2 satellite images from 2016 to 2021 were used to extract the instantaneous area of tidal flats in Yueqing Bay, and the quantitative relationship between tidal flats area and tidal level or the tidal level correction model for tidal flats area was established. On this basis, Landsat satellite images in 7 years from 1988 to 2020 were selected to extract the instantaneous tidal flat area, and the established correction model was used to obtain the corrected multi-year tidal flat area at low tide level, and the change of tidal flat area in Yueqing Bay in recent 30 years and the main driving factors were analyzed. In recent 30 years, the tidal flat area of Yueqing Bay showed a trend of significant increase from 1988 to 1994, sharp decrease from 1994 to 2010, slight increase from 2010 to 2015, and decrease again from 2015 to 2020. The development and utilization of tidal flat by human activities is the main driving factor of tidal flat area change in Yueqing Bay.

Key words: tidal flat area, Yueqing Bay, satellite remote sensing, tidal level correction, tidal flat evolution, driving factor

中图分类号:

P737.1
TP79

田芳妍, 何贤强, 朱伯仲, 龚芳, 朱乾坤. 考虑潮位校正的乐清湾潮滩面积近30年变化遥感研究[J]. 海洋学研究, 2023, 41(1): 68-81.

TIAN Fangyan, HE Xianqiang, ZHU Bozhong, GONG Fang, ZHU Qiankun. Remote sensing study of tidal flat area change in Yueqing Bay in recent 30 years considering tidal level correction[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2023, 41(1): 68-81.

图/表 19

图1 研究区域地理位置

Fig.1 The location of study area

图2 Sentinel-2影像数量随年份(a)及月份(b)的分布

Fig.2 The number of the Sentinel-2 images in each year(a) and month(b)

表1 研究中选用的Landsat影像数据信息

Tab.1 Landsat satellite data used in this study

卫星名称	成像日期	成像时刻	瞬时潮高/cm	分辨率/m
Landsat 5	1988-07-07	09:56	184.54	30
Landsat 5	1988-11-12	09:56	637.99	30
Landsat 5	1994-05-05	09:45	291.12	30
Landsat 5	1994-07-24	09:43	618.52	30
Landsat 7	2000-05-13	10:17	242.70	30
Landsat 7	2000-09-18	10:16	573.47	30
Landsat 7	2006-08-18	10:15	188.33	30
Landsat 5	2006-08-26	10:19	589.55	30
Landsat 7	2010-11-01	10:14	191.05	30
Landsat 5	2010-11-09	10:15	621.41	30
Landsat 8	2015-04-13	10:25	243.67	30
Landsat 8	2015-08-03	10:25	654.55	30
Landsat 7	2020-09-25	09:51	210.99	30
Landsat 8	2020-04-10	10:25	652.99	30

图3 水边线提取过程

Fig.3 Process of water sideline extraction

图4 潮滩区域提取过程

Fig.4 Process of tidal flat area extraction

图5 缓冲区和随机验证样本点分布

Fig.5 Construction of buffers and random sample points

图6 潮滩面积-潮位关系

Fig.6 Relationship between tidal flat area and tidal level

图7 1988—2020年7期瞬时潮滩分布提取结果

Fig.7 Extraction results of instantaneous tidal flat distribution in 7 periods from 1988 to 2020

表2 潮滩提取精度评价结果

Tab.2 Summary of evaluation results of tidal flat extraction accuracy

年份	1988年	1994年	2000年	2006年	2010年	2015年	2020年
总体精度	0.960	0.985	0.985	0.980	0.970	0.960	0.990
Kappa系数	0.913	0.959	0.943	0.931	0.903	0.901	0.967

表3 Sentinel-2和Landsat 8潮滩识别结果比较

Tab.3 Comparison of tidal flat extraction results between Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8

卫星类型	上边界影像日期	下边界影像日期	成像时刻	瞬时潮位/cm	潮滩面积/km²	潮滩面积差
Landsat 8	2020年04月10日	2018年12月17日	10:25	231.2	114.36
Sentinel-2	2020年04月10日	2018年12月17日	10:31	232.3	115.47	+0.97%

图8 相近观测时间Sentinel-2和Landsat 8提取的潮滩结果比较

Fig.8 Comparison of tidal flat extracted by Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 imageries in the similar observing time

图9 各期潮滩上边界叠加结果

Fig.9 Superposition of upper boundary of tidal flat in each period

图10 校正前后潮滩面积的长期变化

Fig.10 Long-term changes of tidal flat areas for pre and post corrections

表4 近30年乐清湾经校正后的潮滩面积变化

Tab.4 Changes of corrected tidal flat area of Yueqing Bay in recent 30 years

年份	滩涂面积/km²	滩涂面积变化量/km²	潮滩面积变化幅度/%
1988年	197.51	/	/
1994年	211.07	+13.56	+6.87
2000年	174.09	-36.98	-17.52
2006年	160.51	-13.58	-7.80
2010年	155.04	-5.47	-3.41
2015年	156.76	+1.72	+1.11
2020年	146.56	-10.2	-6.51

图11 1980—2019年龙湾站年平均海平面高度

Fig.11 The mean sea level at Longwan Station from 1980 to 2019

图12 1988—2020年乐清湾潮滩面积与乐清市的GDP(a)、水产品产量(b)的关系

Fig.12 The relation between tidal flat area and GDP(a), output of aquatic product(b) of Yueqing City from 1988 to 2020

图13 旋门湾工程实施前后潮滩变化

Fig.13 Changes of tidal flat before and after the implementation of Xuanmen Bay Project

图14 华岐潮滩1988—2010年的开发利用情况

Fig.14 Development and utilization of Huaqi tidal flat from 1988 to 2010

图15 2010—2020年乐清湾潮滩演变情况

Fig.15 Evolution of tidal flat of Yueqing Bay from 2010 to 2020

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