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南海海洋热浪面积特征及其影响因素研究
The spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves and their influencing factors in the South China Sea
本研究基于1990—2020年高分辨率卫星遥感海面温度数据,采用深度优先搜索算法识别了南海海洋热浪面积,并探究了不同空间尺度南海海洋热浪的特征。研究结果表明,南海小尺度海洋热浪事件(Ⅰ类海洋热浪,面积<1.8×104 km2)发生最为频繁,占总发生次数的94.20%。大尺度海洋热浪事件(Ⅲ类海洋热浪,面积>1.2×105 km2)在31年期间仅发生74次,其中面积最大的热浪事件发生在2015年。进一步分析发现,不同面积海洋热浪的平均强度、持续时间以及发生频率的空间分布有显著差异性。相较于Ⅰ类海洋热浪,Ⅱ类海洋热浪(面积为1.8×104~1.2×105 km2)平均强度超过1.5 ℃的空间范围明显增加。统计分析表明,南海海洋热浪面积增加,其平均强度和累积强度均增强,持续时间也随之变长。Ⅲ类海洋热浪事件累积强度的中位数分别是Ⅰ类的1.4倍,是Ⅱ类的1.2倍。进一步研究发现,厄尔尼诺时期Ⅰ~Ⅲ类海洋热浪的面积均显著增加,并且存在6~7个月的滞后关系。厄尔尼诺时期Ⅲ类海洋热浪事件持续时间比拉尼娜时期长2 d。本研究探究了南海海洋热浪面积的基本特征,并进一步分析了不同空间尺度海洋热浪的共性和差异性,为研究南海海洋热浪生消特征及机制提供了新的研究思路。
Using the data of high resolution satellite sea surface temperature (SST) from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2020, the spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea were identified with a deep-first-search algorithm, and the characteristics of marine heatwaves at different spatial scales were further investigated. The results indicated that the small-scale marine heatwave events in the South China Sea (Type I MHWs, area<1.8×104 km2) occurred the most frequently, accounting for 94.20% of the total marine heatwave occurrences. Large-scale marine heatwaves with areas exceeding 1.2×105 km2 (Type III MHWs) occurred only 74 times during the 31-year period, with the largest event recorded in 2015. Further analysis revealed significant differences in the spatial distribution of intensity, duration, and frequency of marine heatwaves for different spatial scales. Compared to Type I MHWs, Type II MHWs (1.8×104~1.2×105 km2) exhibited a noticeable increase in the average coverage area with an intensity exceeding 1.5 ℃. Statistical analysis showed that the intensity, duration, and cumulative intensity of South China Sea MHWs increased with the spatial scale of the MHWs. The intensity of Type III MHWs was 1.4 times that of Type I MHWs and 1.2 times that of Type II MHWs. In addition, the response of South China Sea MHWs areas to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was also investigated. The results showed a significant increase in the areas of Type I to III MHWs during El Niño periods, with a lag of 6 to 7 months. The duration of Type III MHWs during El Niño was longer by 2 days compared to La Niña periods. This study explored the fundamental characteristics of South China Sea MHWs areas and further analyzed the commonalities and differences of MHWs at different spatial scales, providing new insights into the characteristics and mechanisms of the formation and dissipation of South China Sea MHWs.
南海海洋热浪 / 海洋热浪识别 / 海洋热浪面积 / 南海海面温度 / 南海海面风场 / 厄尔尼诺 / 拉尼娜
South China sea marine heatwave / marine heatwave detection / spatial structures of marine heatwave / sea surface temperature of the South China Sea / sea surface wind of the South China Sea / El Niño / La Niña
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Between the winters of 2013/14 and 2014/15 during the strong North American drought, the northeast Pacific experienced the largest marine heatwave ever recorded. Here we combine observations with an ensemble of climate model simulations to show that teleconnections between the North Pacific and the weak 2014/2015 El Nino linked the atmospheric forcing patterns of this event. These teleconnection dynamics from the extratropics to the tropics during winter 2013/14, and then back to the extratropics during winter 2014/15, are a key source of multi- year persistence of the North Pacific atmosphere. The corresponding ocean anomalies map onto known patterns of North Pacific decadal variability, specifically the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) in 2014 and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in 2015. A large ensemble of climate model simulations predicts that the winter variance of the NPGO- and PDO-like patterns increases under greenhouse forcing, consistent with other studies suggesting an increase in the atmospheric extremes that lead to drought over North America.
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Ecosystem reconfigurations arising from climate-driven changes in species distributions are expected to have profound ecological, social, and economic implications. Here we reveal a rapid climate-driven regime shift of Australian temperate reef communities, which lost their defining kelp forests and became dominated by persistent seaweed turfs. After decades of ocean warming, extreme marine heat waves forced a 100-kilometer range contraction of extensive kelp forests and saw temperate species replaced by seaweeds, invertebrates, corals, and fishes characteristic of subtropical and tropical waters. This community-wide tropicalization fundamentally altered key ecological processes, suppressing the recovery of kelp forests. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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2014-2017 was an unprecedented period of successive record-breaking hot years, which coincided with the most severe, widespread, and longest-lasting global-scale coral bleaching event ever recorded. The 2014-2017 global-scale coral bleaching event (GCBE) resulted in very high coral mortality on many reefs, rapid deterioration of reef structures, and far-reaching environmental impacts. Through the papers in this special issue of Coral Reefs entitled The 2014-2017 Global Coral Bleaching Event: Drivers, Impacts, and Lessons Learned, as well as papers published elsewhere, we have a good analysis of the 2014-2017 GCBE and its impacts. These studies have provided key insights into how climate change-driven marine heatwaves are destroying coral reef ecosystems: (a) The 2014-2017 GCBE is unique in the satellite record in its spatial scale, duration, intensity, and repetition of bleaching. (b) The impacts have been the most severe ever seen at many reefs. (c) Timing of observations matters and needs to be considered during the analysis of impacts. (d) On both global and local scales, the intensity of heat stress and impacts varied. (e) We continue to see important differences among and within coral taxa, with key roles played by algal symbionts and the microbiome. (f) Heat stress and bleaching both play a role in subsequent disease, which plays a key role in mortality. (g) Impacts ripple far beyond corals, with significant changes to the fish and invertebrate community that may last decades. (h) The structure of both individual coral's skeletons and entire reefs has been eroded much more quickly than previously realized. (i) The 2014-2017 GCBE provided little support for the proposed "lifeboat" hypothesis, whereby deep or mesophotic reefs serve as a means of coral reef salvation. (j) While marine protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from local stressors, they not only do not protect reefs from global-scale stressors, but also here is also little evidence they provide significant resilience.
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The summer of 2003 was the warmest summer in Europe since the 16th century. Its consequences on the fauna of a transitional ecosystem were studied through biodiversity, functional and ecological indicators, from summer 2002 to winter 2005. The heatwave caused considerable changes in the benthic community structure and relative composition, persisting in 2005. Animal assemblages switched from mollusc- to annelida-dominated. Biodiversity and functional indicators captured changes in community structure and composition, proving to be powerful tools to detect responses related to global warming. Ecological indicators rendered a monotonic response oscillating between bad and poor ecological status across the study period. The resilience of mollusc biocoenosis resulted limited with respect to other taxa, posing concerns about their conservation if, as predicted, the frequency of summers as hot as that of 2003 will progressively increase to become the norm at the end of this century.Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Heatwaves are important climatic extremes in atmospheric and oceanic systems that can have devastating and long-term impacts on ecosystems, with subsequent socioeconomic consequences. Recent prominent marine heatwaves have attracted considerable scientific and public interest. Despite this, a comprehensive assessment of how these ocean temperature extremes have been changing globally is missing. Using a range of ocean temperature data including global records of daily satellite observations, daily in situ measurements and gridded monthly in situ-based data sets, we identify significant increases in marine heatwaves over the past century. We find that from 1925 to 2016, global average marine heatwave frequency and duration increased by 34% and 17%, respectively, resulting in a 54% increase in annual marine heatwave days globally. Importantly, these trends can largely be explained by increases in mean ocean temperatures, suggesting that we can expect further increases in marine heatwave days under continued global warming.
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胡石建, 李诗翰. 海洋热浪研究进展与展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2022, 37(1):51-64.
海洋热浪对海洋环境、生态系统和经济生活具有非常重要的影响。近年来，全球气候变暖导致海洋热浪加剧，海洋热浪研究迅速发展成为一个重要的研究前沿。全面回顾了国内外海洋热浪研究的科学背景和研究现状，总结了海洋热浪的多种定义、时空分布特征、形成机制、海洋热浪对海洋环境和生态系统的影响，以及在未来全球气候变暖背景下，海洋热浪可能发生的变化趋势。此外，讨论了海洋热浪研究领域一些尚未解决的重要科学问题，并基于此展望了未来可能的研究发展方向。
Marine Heatwaves （MHWs） have very important impacts on marine environment， ecosystem and economic life. Global warming has exacerbated MHWs in recent years. The research on MHWs has developed rapidly and gradually become an important research frontier. This paper reviews the scientific background and research progress on MHWs both at home and abroad. Various kinds of MHWs' definitions， spatiotemporal features， formation mechanisms， impacts on marine ecosystem， and possible changes in the context of future global warming are summarized. The remaining important scientific issues in the field of MHWs research are discussed and with this base， the possible development trend in future is prospected. |
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The Tasman Sea off southeast Australia exhibited its longest and most intense marine heatwave ever recorded in 2015/16. Here we report on several inter-related aspects of this event: observed characteristics, physical drivers, ecological impacts and the role of climate change. This marine heatwave lasted for 251 days reaching a maximum intensity of 2.9 degrees C above climatology. The anomalous warming is dominated by anomalous convergence of heat linked to the southward flowing East Australian Current. Ecosystem impacts range from new disease outbreaks in farmed shellfish, mortality of wild molluscs and out-of-range species observations. Global climate models indicate it is very likely to be that the occurrence of an extreme warming event of this duration or intensity in this region is respectively >= 330 times and >= 6.8 times as likely to be due to the influence of anthropogenic climate change. Climate projections indicate that event likelihoods will increase in the future, due to increasing anthropogenic influences.
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