海底天然气水合物及冷泉流体渗漏的原位观测技术

doi:10.3969-j.issn.1001-909X.2023.01.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海底天然气水合物藏是天然的巨型碳储藏库,是深部甲烷等烃类气体运移至海底过程中暂时的碳储,是地球碳循环过程的重要一环。冷泉通常与海底天然气水合物藏分解密切相关,是深源或浅层气及水合物分解气在海底发生渗漏的现象。该文根据国内外天然气水合物及冷泉系统勘查的最新动向,综述了与水合物及冷泉流体渗漏相关的羽状流、运移通道、海底微地形地貌等要素的海底原位观测技术,主要包括:走航式及坐底式原位观测、海面及低空渗漏甲烷观测、海底可视化观测、与水合物及冷泉相关的海底观测网络等。综合使用原位观测技术可以更细致、全面地描绘水合物和冷泉系统的时空“景象”,更好地协助厘清海底渗漏甲烷的归趋,拓展人类对深海独特生命绿洲的认知。

关键词: 水合物, 冷泉, 碳循环, 原位探测, 海底观测网络

Abstract:

Marine gas hydrate deposits are significant temporal reservoirs for hydrocarbons migrating from deep sources. This is crucial to our understanding of ocean carbon cycling. The cold seep, a geological process regarding gas leakage from deep or shallow sources, is usually linked with gas hydrate decomposition. In this thesis, we reviewed the latest applications of in situ monitoring and detecting methods regarding the leakage plumes, migration pathways, and seafloor geomorphologies associated with gas hydrate and cold seep systems, primarily including vessel-and land-based gas plume measurements, surface ocean-lower atmosphere hydrocarbon emission detections, seafloor visualization techniques, and in situ observation networks. The integrated applications of these in situ observation methods provide a nuanced view of the temporal and spatial variability of hydrate and cold seep systems, facilitate understanding of the fate of hydrocarbons, and expand our knowledge of cold-seep biota in a watery desert.

Key words: gas hydrate, cold seep, carbon cycling, in situ observation, cabled observatory network

中图分类号:

P744.4

刘莉萍, 初凤友, 郭磊, 李小虎. 海底天然气水合物及冷泉流体渗漏的原位观测技术[J]. 海洋学研究, 2023, 41(1): 26-44.

LIU Liping, CHU Fengyou, GUO Lei, LI Xiaohu. Explorations of marine gas hydrate deposits and the signatures of hydrocarbon venting using in situ techniques[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2023, 41(1): 26-44.

图/表 12

图1 海底浅层水合物成藏系统示意图[11]

Fig.1 Diagram showing various shallow subsurface and near-seafloor gas hydrate systems[11]

图2 冷泉系统近海底渗漏结构、生态群落及甲烷厌氧氧化过程[17]

Fig.2 Sketch showing the seepage structures, communities, and by-products of anaerobic oxidation of CH4[17]

图3 (a)船载多波束声呐实时探测羽状流示意图[37];(b)从多波束声学图像中识别出的羽状流[38];(c)船载侧扫声呐示意图;(d)从侧扫声纳图像上辨识出的鄂霍次克海海底冷泉喷口[40]

Fig.3 (a)Acoustic exploration of the plume using the vessel-based multibeam sonar system[37]; (b)Multibeam acoustic image of a gas bubble plume in a water column[38]; (c)Vessel-based side-scan sonar system; (d)Cold seep venting captured by the side-scan sonar system in Okhotsk[40]

图4 经过处理的海水层和地层地震反射剖面[45] (深部流体突破地层后沿气烟囱垂直运移,在海底发生渗漏,形成麻坑和羽状流。白色虚线为圈定的羽状流轮廓。)

Fig.4 Combined seismic profile of the water column and sediment layers[45] (The deep sourced fluids migrate through the chimney and discharge on the seafloor, generating pockmarks at the seabed and plumes in the water column. The white dashed lines were demarcated based on the boundaries of the plumes.)

图5 (a)集成甲烷等传感器的海底着底器布放过程[56];(b)ROV机械手操纵带刻度的倒立漏斗装置测量单束羽状流的渗漏通量[57];(c)涡轮渗漏帐篷示意图[58];(d)坐底式水平声呐羽状流观测系统示意图[59-60]

Fig.5 (a)Case diagram showing the deployment process of a bottom lander equipped with various sensors, such as CH4 sensor[56]; (b)Inverted funnel mounted on an ROV measuring the flux of a single plume[57]; (c)Turbine seep-tent schematic[58]; (d)Schematic sketch of the horizonal multibeam system monitoring on a plume[59-60]

图6 (a)墨西哥湾北部陆坡布什山的浅层水合物系统[69];(b)巴克利峡谷含有油膜的水合物露头[70]

Fig.6 (a)Sketch showing the shallow hydrate system at Bush Hill, in the northern Gulf of Mexico[69]; (b)Yellow hydrate outcrops stained by oil at the Barkley Canyon[70]

图7 几种国内外的海底水合物及冷泉视像观测系统 (a.“海马号”ROV; b.“海蜇号”ROV; c.“探索4500”AUV; d.声学拖体系统; e.加拿大海底观测网Barkley Canyon节点海底爬行车“Wally”; f.“深海勇士号”HOV。)

Fig.7 Selected visual systems for investigating on hydrate or cold seep areas (a.Haima ROV; b.Haizhe ROV; c.Tansuo 4500 AUV; d.Deep-tow geo-acoustic system; e.Crawl vehicle “Wally” deployed at the Barkley Canyon Node of the NEPTUNE-Canada; f.Shen Hai Yong Shi HOV)

图8 欧洲ESONET-EMSO海底观测网的15个子网位置 (图片修改自文献[87]。)

Fig.8 Fifteen sub-networks belonging to ESONET-EMSO (Figure was modified from reference[87].)

表1 欧洲ESONET-EMSO海底观测网中与海底水合物及冷泉流体渗漏相关的子网络

Tab.1 Sub-networks of ESONET-EMSO that are associated with marine gas hydrate or methane leakage

子网络	最大水深/m	深/浅水	所属海域	建设国	原有基础	研究目标
黑海子网	2 000	深水	黑海	黑海周边国家	CRIMEA等	甲烷渗漏、水合物分解、海底泥火山活动及地质灾害
挪威大陆边缘子网	1 200	深水	北大西洋	挪威		HMMV泥火山活动及水合物分解对海底稳定性的影响
北冰洋子网	>5 000	深水	北冰洋	德国	HAUSGARTEN站	海底水合物分解及甲烷渗漏对气候的影响
东地中海子网	3 800	深水	地中海	希腊	NESTOR	甲烷渗漏与构造运动的关系、流体通道的水声学研究、地震、海啸等
马尔马拉海子网	>1 000	深水	地中海与黑海交界	土耳其	MARMARA-DM	观测北安那托利亚断层活动、甲烷渗漏、地震及海底滑坡
伊比利亚半岛子网	4 000	深水	大西洋	葡萄牙,西班牙	NEAREST, LIDO	地震、海啸;加的斯湾甲烷渗漏相关的泥火山、麻坑、丘体及碳酸盐岩烟囱体等

图9 (a)黑海海底观测网示意图[89];(b)挪威大陆边缘海底观测网节点[77] (图9a中粗黑虚线代表陆架边缘;密方形虚线代表构造单元;红色圆点表示甲烷渗漏点;冰蓝色正方形表示水合物;黑色三角形代表泥火山;红线和蓝色圆点分别表示海底电缆和节点;黄色矩形表示甲烷渗漏密集的第聂伯罗古三角洲。)

Fig.9 (a)Sketch showing the submarine seafloor observatory network in the Black Sea[89]; (b)Seafloor observatory network and nodes at Norwegian Continental margin[77] (In Figure 9a, bold dashed lines in black represent shelf edge; bold squared lines represent boundaries of tectonic units; dots in red represent methane seeps; ice blue squares represent gas hydrate; black triangles represent mud volcanoes; red lines represent cables; blue dots represent nodes; the yellow rectangle represents the Dnipro palaeo-delta area with intensive methane seepages.)

图10 NEPTUNE-Ganada海底观测网及节点分布 (图片修改自文献[93]。)

Fig.10 NEPTUNE-Canada and the distribution of nodes (Figure was modified from reference[93].)

图11 墨西哥湾密西西比峡谷MC118区块Woolsey Mound水合物丘的海底观测网 (图片修改自文献[95]。)

Fig.11 Diagram of the seafloor observatory network at the Woolsey Mound in Mississippi Canyon 118 (MC118) located in the Gulf of Mexico (Figure was modified from reference[95].)

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