海洋导管架平台弃置方案与技术方法研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2024.02.011

海洋学研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (2): 113-124.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2024.02.011

海洋导管架平台弃置方案与技术方法研究进展

张宗峰¹, 陈同彦², 周家兴³^,⁴^,⁵, 赵徐³^,⁴^,⁵, 唐超³^,⁴^,⁵, 聂元训³^,⁴^,⁵, 刘锦昆², 吴必胜³^,⁴^,⁵^,^*

1.中国石化上海海洋油气分公司,上海 200120
2.中石化石油工程设计有限公司,山东东营 257026
3.清华大学水利水电工程系,北京 100084
4.清华大学水利部水圈科学重点实验室,北京 100084
5.清华大学水圈科学与水利工程全国重点实验室,北京 100084

收稿日期:2023-05-08 修回日期:2024-03-04 出版日期:2024-06-15 发布日期:2024-08-09
通讯作者: 吴必胜
作者简介:*吴必胜(1980—),男,副教授,主要从事海洋结构-基础-流体相互作用研究, E-mail: wu046@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn。
张宗峰(1979—),男,山东省临沂市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋工程科研与设计工作, E-mail: Zhangzf.shhy@sinopec.com。
基金资助:
中深水海上油田构筑物弃置结构仿真模拟及风险控制技术研究(20222001800)

Research progress on decommission schemes and technical methods for offshore jacket platforms

ZHANG Zongfeng¹, CHEN Tongyan², ZHOU Jiaxing³^,⁴^,⁵, ZHAO Xu³^,⁴^,⁵, TANG Chao³^,⁴^,⁵, NIE Yuanxun³^,⁴^,⁵, LIU Jinkun², WU Bisheng³^,⁴^,⁵^,^*

1. Sinopec Shanghai Offshore Petroleum Company,Shanghai 200120, China
2. Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Co.Ltd., Dongying 257026, China
3. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4. Key Laboratory of Hydrosphere Sciences of the Ministry of Water Resources, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
5. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2023-05-08 Revised:2024-03-04 Online:2024-06-15 Published:2024-08-09
Contact: WU Bisheng

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

导管架平台具有适应性强、安全性高等优势,在海上油气开发中应用广泛。随着越来越多的导管架平台即将达到或已达到设计寿命,平台弃置已成为海洋油气开发领域面临的重要问题。该文系统介绍了国内外关于导管架平台弃置的法律法规,重点阐述了各国际公约的约束内容、适用范围及其异同点,总结了中国、英国、挪威、美国弃置管理的要点,对国内外四个典型导管架弃置工程进行了梳理和分析,对不同弃置方案适用范围以及弃置过程中拆除、切割和吊装三个关键工艺的操作难点和实施细节进行了总结,可为海洋导管架平台弃置方案与关键技术的优选提供依据,对海洋环境保护、通航和渔业生产等具有重要的工程意义。

关键词: 海洋油气开采, 导管架平台弃置, 技术方案

Abstract:

Due to its advantages of strong adaptability and high safety,the jacket platform has been widely used in offshore oil and gas development. As more and more jacket platforms will reach or exceed the design life, the platform decommissioning has become one of the important problems in the field of offshore oil and gas development. This paper systematically introduces domestic and international regulations on jacket platform decommissioning, focuses on the decommissioning constraints, application fields, similarities and differences between different international conventions, and summarizes the key points of regulations and requirements on jacket platform decommissioning among China, the United Kingdom, Norway and the United States, and analyzes four typical decommissioning projects worldwide. In view of this, the different decommissioning schemes, and scope of application of jacket platform are summarized and analyzed, as well as the operational difficulties and implementation details of the three key process technologies of dismantling, cutting and transportation during decommissioning. The review can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the decommissioning plan and key technical methods of the offshore jacket platforms, and has important engineering significance for marine environmental protection, navigation and fishery production.

Key words: offshore oil and gas extraction, decommissioning of jacket platforms, technical solutions

中图分类号:

TE95

张宗峰, 陈同彦, 周家兴, 赵徐, 唐超, 聂元训, 刘锦昆, 吴必胜. 海洋导管架平台弃置方案与技术方法研究进展[J]. 海洋学研究, 2024, 42(2): 113-124.

ZHANG Zongfeng, CHEN Tongyan, ZHOU Jiaxing, ZHAO Xu, TANG Chao, NIE Yuanxun, LIU Jinkun, WU Bisheng. Research progress on decommission schemes and technical methods for offshore jacket platforms[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2024, 42(2): 113-124.

图/表 13

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种类	名称
法律	《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》《中华人民共和国固体废弃物污染环境防治法》
行政法规	《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》《海洋倾废管理条例》《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》
部门规章	《海洋石油平台弃置管理办法》《海上油气生产设施废弃处置管理暂行规定》《海洋弃井作业规范》《海上固定设施及海管海缆弃置发证检验指南》《海上油气生产设施弃置环保技术要求(征求意见稿)》

种类	名称
法律	《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》《中华人民共和国固体废弃物污染环境防治法》
行政法规	《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》《海洋倾废管理条例》《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》
部门规章	《海洋石油平台弃置管理办法》《海上油气生产设施废弃处置管理暂行规定》《海洋弃井作业规范》《海上固定设施及海管海缆弃置发证检验指南》《海上油气生产设施弃置环保技术要求(征求意见稿)》

模块	主要功能	长×宽×高/m	质量/t
M1	生活楼	24×30×35	2 258
M2	发电机模块	45×24×18.5	3 949
M3	油处理单元	32×20×29.94	4 246
M4	气处理单元	32×20×29.59	4 088
M5	钻机模块	51×21.5×20.15	4 899
M6	井架底座	26×23×30	1 366
M6A	钻井架	20×20×46	212
M7	底甲板	71×30×11.5	6 674
M8	火炬臂	12×12×113	391
H0	直升机甲板	31×30×4	154
F2	排烟管	24×8.8×37	438
F3	测井撬	8.2×8.2×5.0	87

模块	主要功能	长×宽×高/m	质量/t
M1	生活楼	24×30×35	2 258
M2	发电机模块	45×24×18.5	3 949
M3	油处理单元	32×20×29.94	4 246
M4	气处理单元	32×20×29.59	4 088
M5	钻机模块	51×21.5×20.15	4 899
M6	井架底座	26×23×30	1 366
M6A	钻井架	20×20×46	212
M7	底甲板	71×30×11.5	6 674
M8	火炬臂	12×12×113	391
H0	直升机甲板	31×30×4	154
F2	排烟管	24×8.8×37	438
F3	测井撬	8.2×8.2×5.0	87

切割方式	工艺特征	适用范围	不足之处
高压水研磨料切割法	在切割过程中,利用高压水加速磨料粒子冲击工件表面完成切割	在桩基内部或外部均可进行切割,水下作业深度可达到1 000 m 内切割:适用切割垂直杆件,切割时保证导管架桩腿或杆件内无障碍物外切割:切割前需清理导轨上的海洋生物,保证导轨安装牢固	不适用于切割腐蚀严重的结构,桩基切割位置不规则,内切割时桩基内部无法下放切割装置等
电氧切割法	在切割过程中,切割空心割条产生的电弧把工件熔化,并用空心割条中喷射出的氧气把熔化金属吹开形成割口	适用于对钢结构平台的外切割,乙炔切割适用于水深小于25 m的海域,氢气切割适用于水深大于25 m的海域	易受水流等环境因素影响,切割缝较宽大,切口粗糙,结构易受热变形,需进行二次加工,且设置辅助设施成本巨大,潜水员水下切割时人身安全易受威胁
金刚石绳锯切割法	将金刚石颗粒固定在钢丝绳上,通过夹具等装置将钢丝绳固定在桩腿处,由钢丝绳的高速运动实现多层钢管的切割,切口平整规则	适用于对导管架构件及混凝土构件的外切割	耗材价格高,重复利用率低,切割成本高。切割垂直杆件时,金刚石绳锯有夹锯风险
机械切割法 (旋转式内割刀切割法)	在切割过程中,将机械割刀顶端与钻杆相连,钻杆由动力装置驱动实现旋转内切割	适用于浅水、小直径桩基的钢结构平台内切割	当多层套管桩基无水泥填充时,由于内外套管中心线不重合,切割外层套管会使切割深度不均匀; 对于水泥填充的套管,刀片破损程度高,要求潜水员多次更换刀片,并重新定位原切割点,操作过程复杂、耗时
聚能爆破法	将炸药放置在由金属、高压电瓷等材料制成的切割器内,引爆炸药后形成金属射流完成切割	适用于对钢结构平台的外切割	环境影响较大,易破坏海底生态
热熔切割法	在桩基内部布置汽油切割炬进行旋转切割	适用于对钢结构平台的内切割	需提前清理管内杂质

海洋导管架平台弃置方案与技术方法研究进展

Research progress on decommission schemes and technical methods for offshore jacket platforms

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