Characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of storm surge induced by northward-tracking typhoons along the Zhejiang coast

ZU Tao; GOU Xiaoxiao; LIANG Huidi; CAI Tinglu

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2026.02.002

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Journal of Marine Sciences ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2) : 13-26. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2026.02.002

Characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of storm surge induced by northward-tracking typhoons along the Zhejiang coast

ZU Tao ¹^,² ,
GOU Xiaoxiao ³ ,
LIANG Huidi ¹^,²^,^* ,
CAI Tinglu ¹^,²

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Abstract

In view of the frequent trend of northward-moving typhoons in Zhejiang coastal areas， taking typhoon Chan-hom （1509） as an example， a wind-wave-current coupled model of the China Seas-Zhejiang coastal area was constructed based on the Delft3D model. The temporal and spatial evolution of storm surge in Zhejiang coastal area during 24 hours before and after typhoon landing were analyzed， and the relative contribution of dynamic factors such as wind stress， air pressure， wave and astronomical tide were quantified. The results showed that in the 24 hours before and after the typhoon landed， the Sanmen Bay， Xiangshan Port and Hangzhou Bay appeared the extreme value of surge in turn， and the maximum surge was 3.4 m. The northern Zhejiang sea area experienced high surge intensity and slow recession， while the southern area showed a more uniform surge distribution and rapid recession. The spatial distribution of wind stress induced surge was consistent with the total surge， with the highest contribution to the total surge （60%-90% or higher）， and the surge was concentrated in the low tide stage. Air pressure induced surge was more uniformly distributed， with a secondary contribution （20%-50%）. Wave induced surge mainly occured in nearshore shallow waters during low tide， contributing the least （10%-20%）. Tide-surge interaction could amplify localized peak surges and delay the recession process， accounting for 30%-50% of the total surge in areas such as Hangzhou Bay and Sanmen Bay. Normalized analysis of factor contributions indicated that wind stress contribution was significantly higher in the north than in the south. The contributions of air pressure and tide-surge interaction were generally equivalent； specifically， tide-surge interaction was dominant in the north， while air pressure was more significant in the south. The contribution of wave induced surge was slightly higher in the south than in the north. Overall， northward-moving typhoons like "Chan-hom" led to storm surges characterized by high intensity， long duration， and slow recession in northern Zhejiang， thereby posed a higher risk of coastal flooding.

Key words

storm surge / wind stress / air pressure / waves / astronomical tide / numerical simulation / Typhoon Chan-hom

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ZU Tao , GOU Xiaoxiao , LIANG Huidi , et al. Characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of storm surge induced by northward-tracking typhoons along the Zhejiang coast[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences. 2026, 44(2): 13-26 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2026.02.002

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