Tsunami science has evolved differently from research on other extreme natural hazards, primarily because of the unavailability until recently of instrumental recordings of tsunamis in the open ocean. Here, the progress towards developing tsunami inundation modelling tools for use in inundation forecasting is discussed historically from the perspective of hydrodynamics. The state-of-knowledge before the 26 December 2004 tsunami is described. Remaining aspects for future research are identified. One, validated inundation models need to be further developed through benchmark testing and instrumental tsunameter measurements and standards for operational codes need to be established. Two, a methodology is needed to better quantify short-duration impact forces on structures. Three, the mapping of vulnerable continental margins to identify unrecognized hazards must proceed expeditiously, along with palaeotsunami research to establish repeat intervals. Four, the development of better coupling between deforming seafloor motions and model initialization needs further refinement. Five, in an era of global citizenship, more comprehensive educational efforts on tsunami hazard mitigation are necessary worldwide.

We present a study on regular wave propagation on a sloping bed under the action of steady wind, which is of a great significance to complement and replenish the interaction mechanisms of nearshore wave and wind. Physical experiments were conducted in a wind-wave flume, and the corresponding numerical model was constructed based on the solver Waves2FOAM in OpenFOAM, with large-eddy simulation (LES) used to investigate the turbulent flow. The comparisons between the measured and calculated results of the free surface elevation and flow velocity indicated that the numerical model could predict the associated hydrodynamic characteristics of a nearshore wave regardless of the presence or absence of wind. The results showed that wind had a significant impact on nearshore wave evolution. It was found that under the same wind speed coverage constraint, wave breaking occurred ahead of time. The smaller the surf similarity ξ 0 was, the higher the dispersion degree of wave breaking locations would be, and the breaker index of H b / h b increased with wind speed under the same incident wave height. The main components of analysis for turbulent flow were the results of the cross-spectrum, the TKE (turbulent kinetic energy), and TDR (turbulent dissipation rate). The cross-spectrum illustrated that wind enhanced the degree of coherence of the residual velocity components and aggravated turbulence. The TKE indicated that in regions near the water surface, wind speed made it considerably larger and the average level rapidly decreased with depth. The TDR exhibited that the significant effect of wind was merely imposed after breaking, wherein the turbulence penetrated the deeper flow and the average level generally rose. The velocity profile on the slope showed that the wind accelerated the undertow, and the moment statistics indicated that the velocity distribution deviated gradually from the Gaussian distribution to the right.