Variation characteristics and regulation mechanism of pCO2 in typical subtropical coral reefs area in spring

YANG Bo; ZHANG Zhuo; ZHOU Jin; LIN Ziyi; XIE Ziqiang; ZHENG Huina; LIAO Baolin; XIAO Baohua

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2025.01.009

PDF(17014 KB)

Journal of Marine Sciences ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1) : 90-106. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2025.01.009

Variation characteristics and regulation mechanism of pCO₂ in typical subtropical coral reefs area in spring

YANG Bo ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ ,
ZHANG Zhuo ⁵ ,
ZHOU Jin ⁴ ,
LIN Ziyi ¹ ,
XIE Ziqiang ⁶ ,
ZHENG Huina ¹^,⁷ ,
LIAO Baolin ¹ ,
XIAO Baohua ¹^,^*

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Based on the field survey in May 2023 along with data obtained from indoor culture experiments, the distribution characteristics of seawater partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and its main control mechanisms in Daao Bay (coral reefs region) in spring were explored. The pCO₂ in Daao Bay ranged from 412.9 to 555.7 μatm in spring, and the study area acted as a source for atmospheric CO₂ with the average efflux of 0.53±0.90 mmol·m^-2·d^-1. During the survey period, the horizontal distribution of pCO₂ was generally higher in nearshore area than that in offshore zone, which was mainly controlled by biological activities (net respiration) and coastal terrestrial input. In addition, pCO₂ showed significant diurnal variation with a maximum difference of 168 μatm. Diurnal differences in biological activities (photosynthesis and respiration) were the main factors leading to changes in pCO₂, contributing 89.4% and 66.4% of pCO₂ in the reef and non-reef areas, respectively. In comparison, physical processes (temperature and tidal effects) had a weak effect on the pCO₂ dynamic, and the temperature effect contributed 12.7% and 21.5% of pCO₂, which was much lower than that of biological processes. Furthermore, the metabolic activity of corals might increase the pCO₂ in the local (reef area) of Daao Bay and enhance the CO₂ source properties of the sea area.

Key words

coral reefs / CO₂ partial pressure / air-sea CO₂ flux / source-sink / Daao Bay / calcification / respiration / photosynthesis

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

YANG Bo , ZHANG Zhuo , ZHOU Jin , et al . Variation characteristics and regulation mechanism of pCO₂ in typical subtropical coral reefs area in spring[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences. 2025, 43(1): 90-106 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2025.01.009

References

List( Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within ) Chart analysis

[1]

张双, 祁第, 吴瀛旭, 等. 南大洋人为二氧化碳的吸收、分布、储存与输运研究进展[J]. 极地研究, 2024, 36(3):391-405.

https://doi.org/10.13679/j.jdyj.20240027

Abstract

海洋吸收了工业化以来大约30%人为二氧化碳(简称人为碳, Anthropogenic carbon dioxide, Cant)而显著地影响了全球海洋碳源汇格局。据估计, 南大洋35°S以南区域吸碳潜力占全球大洋高达40%左右, 但该估计也被认为存在着很大的不确定性, 主要是因为缺乏对Cant在南大洋吸收、分布、储存和输运方面的系统性认知。本文基于国内外有关南大洋碳吸收和储存及输送等数据库和研究, 分别从海-气界面CO2通量角度和海洋内部Cant的分布、储存和输送等方面, 综述归纳了南大洋开阔大洋区及近岸区碳源汇格局的研究进展; 探究目前在南大洋碳汇模型与实测数据存在明显差距原因, 以及季节性冰区碳源汇强度估算不确定性较大的问题; 讨论了相关方法在人为碳计算中的优点与不足以及影响人为碳储量的主要输送机制。本文将有助于对南大洋海-气CO2通量、源汇格局变异以及输出过程的进一步了解, 以及更准确估算南大洋乃至全球海洋碳汇。

ZHANG

, QI

, WU

Y X

, et al. Research and prospects of anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake, distribution, storage and transport in the Southern Ocean[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2024, 36(3): 391-405.

Cited in this article [1]

[2]

SABINE

C L

, FEELY

R A

, GRUBER

, et al. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO₂[J]. Science, 2004, 305(5682): 367-371.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256665

Cited in this article [2] Abstract

Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, we estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 +/- 19 petagrams of carbon. The oceanic sink accounts for approximately 48% of the total fossil-fuel and cement-manufacturing emissions, implying that the terrestrial biosphere was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of about 39 +/- 28 petagrams of carbon for this period. The current fraction of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions stored in the ocean appears to be about one-third of the long-term potential.

[3]	FRIEDLINGSTEIN P, O’SULLIVAN M, JONES M W, et al. Global carbon budget 2020[J]. Earth System Science Data, 2020, 12(4): 3269-3340. Cited in this article [1]

[4]	SIEGENTHALER U, SARMIENTO J L. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean[J]. Nature, 1993, 365(6442): 119-125. Cited in this article [1]

[5]	ORR J C, FABRY V J, AUMONT O, et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms[J]. Nature, 2005, 437(7059): 681-686. Cited in this article [2]

[6]	BATES N R, ASTOR Y M, TTHEW J, et al. A time-series view of changing ocean chemistry due to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ and ocean acidification[J]. Oceanography, 2014, 27(1): 126-141. Cited in this article [2]

[7]	LAUVSET S K, GRUBER N, LANDSCHÜTZER P, et al. Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades[J]. Biogeosciences, 2015, 12(5): 1285-1298. Cited in this article [2]

[8]	GATTUSO J P, FRANKIGNOULLE M, WOLLAST R. Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1998, 29: 405-434. Cited in this article [2]

[9]	BORGES A V. Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO₂ fluxes in the coastal ocean?[J]. Estuaries, 2005, 28(1): 3-27. Cited in this article [1]

[10]	YANG B, GAO X L, ZHAO J M, et al. Massive shellfish farming might accelerate coastal acidification: A case study on carbonate system dynamics in a bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) farming area, North Yellow Sea[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 798: 149214. Cited in this article [8]

[11]	YANG B, ZHANG Z, CUI Z P, et al. Multiple factors driving carbonate system in subtropical coral community environments along Dapeng peninsula, South China Sea[J]. Atmosphere, 2023, 14(4): 688. Cited in this article [9]

[12]

李德望, 林华, 陈思杨, 等. 2017年春季长江口-东海连续体pCO₂的空间分布特征及其控制因素[J]. 海洋学研究, 2021, 39(4):52-62.

D W

, LIN

, CHEN

S Y

, et al. Distributions and controlling factors of pCO₂ in the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary-East China Sea continuum in spring of 2017[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2021, 39(4): 52-62.

Cited in this article [1]

[13]

杨旭锋, 于培松, 潘建明, 等. 2019年夏末长江口及其邻近海域走航pCO₂变化及控制机制[J]. 海洋学研究, 2021, 39(4):63-72.

YANG

X F

, YU

P S

, PAN

J M

, et al. Spatial variation of underway surface pCO₂ and its controls in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary and adjacent sea area in late summer of 2019[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2021, 39(4): 63-72.

Cited in this article [2]

[14]

许欣, 于培松, 蔡小霞, 等. 南海西部秋季海表pCO₂分布与海-气CO₂通量[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2016, 35(3):55-64.

https://doi.org/10.11978/2015035

Abstract

文章综合分析了南海西部2012年秋季海表二氧化碳分压(pCO2)分布及控制因素, 估算并讨论了海-气CO2通量及其区域性差异。结果表明, 秋季南海西部海表pCO2变化范围为37.8~57.1Pa, 均高于大气pCO2, 表现为大气CO2的源。研究海域海表pCO2分布主要受海水碳酸盐热力学的影响, 海表温度(SST)是影响海表pCO2分布的主要因素。但在局部海域, 海表pCO2分布还受到其他因素的控制。其中, 越南东部局部海域表层海水受湄公河冲淡水的影响呈低盐特征, 高pCO2的冲淡水团和离岸水团的混合作用直接影响该海域海表pCO2分布。此外, 珊瑚礁的钙化活动造成南沙群岛弹丸礁西部海域出现表层pCO2极高值。秋季南海西部表层海水CO2释放速率的分布格局主要受风速的控制。北部海域海-气CO2分压差(ΔpCO2)低于中南部海盆, 但其海表风速远高于中南部海盆, 造成北部海域表层海水CO2释放速率(2.9mmolC·m-2·d-1)明显高于中南部海盆(0.9mmolC·m-2·d-1)。海-气CO2通量估算中不能忽视局部海域珊瑚礁代谢作用的影响。

, YU

P S

, CAI

X X

, et al. Distributions of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and sea-air CO₂ flux in the western South China Sea in autumn[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2016, 35(3): 55-64.

Cited in this article [1]

[15]	谢勇琪, 蓝军南, 朱鸣, 等. 深圳大鹏湾海域水质状况调查分析[J]. 中国资源综合利用, 2021, 39(11):118-123. XIE Y Q, LAN J N, ZHU M, et al. Analysis of water quality investigation in Dapeng Bay of Shenzhen[J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2021, 39(11): 118-123. Cited in this article [1]

[16]

马方方, 冷科明, 周秋伶, 等. 近40年深圳大鹏湾海域赤潮发生规律及其演变机制分析[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2021, 40(2):263-271.

F F

, LENG

K M

, ZHOU

Q L

, et al. Analysis on the occurrences and evolution mechanism of HABs in Dapeng bay, Shenzhen in the last 40 years[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2021, 40(2): 263-271.

Cited in this article [1]

[17]	贾春斌, 王佳美, 唐振朝. 深圳东部海域珊瑚群落分布特征[J]. 渔业研究, 2020, 42(6):590-597. JIA C B, WANG J M, TANG Z Z. Distribution of coral communities in eastern sea area of Shenzhen[J]. Journal of Fisheries Research, 2020, 42(6): 590-597. Cited in this article [2]

[18]

黄小平, 岳维忠, 李颖虹, 等. 大鹏湾平洲岛附近海域生态环境特征及其演变过程[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2004, 23(5):72-80.

HUANG

X P

, YUE

W Z

, LI

Y H

, et al. Environmental characteristics and evolvement in sea area around Pingzhou island of Dapeng bay, South China Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2004, 23(5): 72-80.

Cited in this article [2]

[19]

郭峰, 肖家光, 田鹏, 等. 大亚湾及大鹏半岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚现状与生态脆弱性评价[J]. 应用海洋学学报, 2022, 41(4):568-582.

GUO

, XIAO

J G

, TIAN

, et al. Status of scleractinian corals in Daya Bay and along the coast of Dapeng Peninsula and ecological vulnerability assessment[J]. Journal of Applied Oceanography, 2022, 41(4): 568-582.

Cited in this article [2]

[20]	DICKSON A, SABINE C L, CHRISTIAN J R. Guide to best practices for ocean CO₂ measurements[M]. [S.l.]: PICES, 2007. Cited in this article [1]

[21]	GRASSHOFF K, KREMLING K, EHRHARDT M. Methods of seawater analysis[M]. third edition. [S.l.]: Wiley-VCH, 1999: 632. Cited in this article [1]

[22]	HAMME R C, EMERSON S R. The solubility of neon, nitrogen and argon in distilled water and seawater[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2004, 51(11): 1517-1528. Cited in this article [1]

[23]	CADÉE G C, HEGEMAN J. Primary production of phytoplankton in the Dutch wadden sea[J]. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 1974, 8(2/3): 240-259. Cited in this article [2]

[24]	LUEKER T J, DICKSON A G, KEELING C D. Ocean pCO₂ calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K₁ and K₂: Validation based on laboratory measurements of CO₂ in gas and seawater at equilibrium[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2000, 70(1/2/3): 105-119. Cited in this article [1]

[25]	DICKSON A G. Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s)+$\frac{1}{2}$H₂(g)=Ag(s)+HCl(aq), and the standard acidity constant of the ion $\mathrm{HSO}_4^{-}$ in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K[J]. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1990, 22: 113-127. Cited in this article [1]

[26]	LEE K, KIM T W, BYRNE R H, et al. The universal ratio of boron to chlorinity for the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2010, 74(6): 1801-1811. Cited in this article [1]

[27]	SWEENEY C, GLOOR E, JACOBSON A R, et al. Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO₂ with recent bomb¹⁴C measurements[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, 21(2): GB2015. Cited in this article [1]

[28]	WANNINKHOF R. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1992, 97(C5): 7373-7382. Cited in this article [1]

[29]

HAN

, LI

Y X

, YANG

X F

, et al. Effects of aerobic respiration and nitrification on dissolved inorganic nitrogen and carbon dioxide in human-perturbed eastern Jiaozhou Bay, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 124(1): 449-458.

https://doi.org/S0025-326X(17)30647-1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28781187

Cited in this article [2] Abstract

Aerobic respiration and nitrification are important processes for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) composition change and CO production in human-perturbed coastal waters. On-site incubations and field investigations were conducted in the eastern Jiaozhou Bay, a high-urbanization region, from May to August 2014. Results show that aerobic respiration rates reached 15.58μmolOLd, and NH and NO oxidation rates were 0.53 and 0.13μmolNLd, respectively, in the human-perturbed northeastern area. The intense aerobic respiration there contributed to high-concentration NH, and meanwhile caused a pH decrease of 0.042units and a pCO increase of 166μatm per day. Moreover, the linear relationship between excess CO and apparent oxygen utilization suggested that the excess CO in the entire eastern Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from the aerobic respiration. This study may help us better understand the role of aerobic respiration in DIN composition and CO sink/source pattern in coastal waters.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[30]	MURRELL M C, LEHRTER J C. Sediment and lower water column oxygen consumption in the seasonally hypoxic region of the Louisiana continental shelf[J]. Estuaries and Coasts, 2011, 34(5): 912-924. Cited in this article [2]

[31]	BERELSON W M, MCMANUS J, SEVERMANN S, et al. Benthic fluxes from hypoxia-influenced Gulf of Mexico sediments: Impact on bottom water acidification[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2019, 209: 94-106. Cited in this article [4]

[32]	YANG B, GAO X L, ZHAO J M, et al. Potential linkage between sedimentary oxygen consumption and benthic flux of biogenic elements in a coastal scallop farming area, North Yellow Sea[J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 273: 129641. Cited in this article [2]

[33]	REN J H, ZHU M X, WANG D Y, et al. Organic carbon mineralization pathways in the muddy sediments of the South Yellow Sea: Insights from steady-state modeling of porewater[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2022, 138: 105237. Cited in this article [2]

[34]	WINOGRADOW A, PEMPKOWIAK J. Organic carbon burial rates in the Baltic Sea sediments[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2014, 138: 27-36. Cited in this article [3]

[35]	DE BORGER E, BRAECKMAN U, SOETAERT K. Rapid organic matter cycling in North Sea sediments[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2021, 214: 104327. Cited in this article [2]

[36]	BERELSON W, MCMANUS J, COALE K, et al. A time series of benthic flux measurements from Monterey Bay, CA[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2003, 23(5): 457-481. Cited in this article [2]

[37]	BERELSON W M, MCMANUS J, SEVERMANN S, et al. Benthic flux of oxygen and nutrients across Oregon/California shelf sediments[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2013, 55: 66-75. Cited in this article [2]

[38]	NISHIDA K, ISHIKAWA K, IGUCHI A, et al. Skeletal oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of Acropora coral primary polyps experimentally cultured at different temperatures[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2014, 15(7): 2840-2849. Cited in this article [2]

[39]	CHAN W Y, EGGINS S M. Calcification responses to diurnal variation in seawater carbonate chemistry by the coral Acropora formosa[J]. Coral Reefs, 2017, 36(3): 763-772. Cited in this article [2]

[40]	KUFFNER I B, HICKEY T D, MORRISON J M. Calcifi-cation rates of the massive coral Siderastrea siderea and crustose coralline algae along the Florida Keys (USA) outer-reef tract[J]. Coral Reefs, 2013, 32(4): 987-997. Cited in this article [2]

[41]

郭亚娟, 周伟华, 袁翔城, 等. 两种造礁石珊瑚对海水酸化和溶解有机碳加富的响应[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2018, 37(1):57-63.

https://doi.org/10.11978/2017018

Abstract

文章选择鹿回头近岸海域常见的板叶角蜂巢珊瑚(Favites complanata)和十字牡丹珊瑚(Pavona decussata)为研究对象, 采用室内连续培养的方法, 探究两种不同造礁石珊瑚对酸化和溶解有机碳(DOC)加富的响应。结果表明: 酸化(pH 7.6)并不会影响两种珊瑚的钙化速率和生长速率; 但DOC加富(524.03±78.42μmol•L-1)使两种珊瑚的钙化速率分别降低67%和47%、生长速率降低59%和40%。当二者共同作用时, 两种珊瑚的钙化速率降低30%和11%、生长速率降低46%和59%, 大多没有DOC单独作用时强烈, 表现出一定的拮抗作用。两种珊瑚共生虫黄藻叶绿素荧光指数(Fv/Fm)均升高后降低, 板叶角蜂巢珊瑚Fv/Fm最先降低。实验表明, 这两种珊瑚虽然对海洋酸化的敏感度不高, 但是对有机物加富有不同的响应, 板叶角蜂巢珊瑚更为敏感, 可能导致这两种珊瑚在未来环境变化中有不同命运。

GUO

Y J

, ZHOU

W H

, YUAN

X C

, et al. Responses of two species of reef-building corals to acidification and dissolved organic carbon enrichment[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2018, 37(1): 57-63.

Cited in this article [2]

[42]	赵贺, 张峻菱, 王浩, 等. 两种造礁石珊瑚固碳能力初步研究[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2024, 43(3):146-154. ZHAO H, ZHANG J L, WANG H, et al. Preliminary study on carbon sequestration capacity of two hermatypic corals[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2024, 43(3): 146-154. Cited in this article [3]

[43]	XUE L, CAI W J, HU X P, et al. Sea surface carbon dioxide at the Georgia time series site (2006-2007): Air-sea flux and controlling processes[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2016, 140: 14-26. Cited in this article [1]

[44]	XUE L, XUE M, ZHANG L J, et al. Surface partial pressure of CO₂ and air-sea exchange in the northern Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2012, 105: 194-206. Cited in this article [1]

[45]	CAI W J, DAI M H, WANG Y C. Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province-based synthesis[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006, 33(12): L12603. Cited in this article [1]

[46]	ZHAI W D, CHEN J F, JIN H Y, et al. Spring carbonate chemistry dynamics of surface waters in the northern East China Sea: Water mixing, biological uptake of CO₂, and chemical buffering capacity[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2014, 119(9): 5638-5653. Cited in this article [1]

[47]	邱爽, 龚信宝, 张继红, 等. 桑沟湾养殖区春季pCO₂分布特征及影响机制[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2013, 34(1):31-37. QIU S, GONG X B, ZHANG J H, et al. Distribution and affecting factors of pCO₂ in aquaculture areas of Sanggou Bay during spring[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2013, 34(1): 31-37. Cited in this article [1]

[48]	严宏强, 余克服, 施祺, 等. 南海珊瑚礁夏季是大气CO₂的源[J]. 科学通报, 2011, 56(6):414-422. YAN H Q, YU K F, SHI Q, et al. Coral reefs in the South China Sea are the source of atmospheric CO₂ in summer[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(6): 414-422. Cited in this article [2]

[49]	JIANG Z P, LÜ J C, LI Q L, et al. Tidal-driven submarine groundwater discharge and its influences on the carbonate system of a coastal coral reef in the northern South China Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2021,126: e2021JC017203. Cited in this article [2]

[50]	张志荣. 东海近岸水体CO₂变化特征及调控机制研究:基于浮标观测[D]. 厦门: 厦门大学, 2018. ZHANG Z R. Study on the variation characteristics and regulation mechanism of CO₂ in the coastal waters of the East China Sea: Based on buoy observation[D]. Xiamen: Xiamen University, 2018. Cited in this article [2]

[51]

许欣, 王翔, 胡慧娜, 等. 北部湾东北部春、夏季表层海水CO₂分压的24 h变化及其调控机制研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2023, 45(3):14-26.

, WANG

, HU

H N

, et al. Hourly variations of partial pressure of CO₂ in surface sea water and its controlling mechanisms in the northeastern Beibu Gulf in spring and summer[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023, 45(3): 14-26.

Cited in this article [2]

[52]	DAI M H, LU Z M, ZHAI W D, et al. Diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO₂ in contrasting coastal environments[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2009, 54(3): 735-745. Cited in this article [1]

[53]	REDFIELD A C. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment[J]. American Scientist, 1958, 46(3): 205-221. Cited in this article [1]

[54]

杨威, 郭香会, 曹知勉, 等. 南海西北部海域夏季碳酸盐系统动态变化特征及调控机制:沿岸上升流、河流冲淡水及地下水输入的共同作用[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2022, 52(12):2373-2390.

YANG

, GUO

X H

, CAO

Z M

, et al. Carbonate dynamics in a tropical coastal system in the South China Sea featuring upwelling, river plumes and submarine groundwater discharge[J]. Scientia Sinica: Terrae, 2022, 52(12): 2373-2390.

Cited in this article [1]

[55]	WRIGHT R M, STRADER M E, GENUISE H M, et al. Effects of thermal stress on amount, composition, and antibacterial properties of coral mucus[J]. PeerJ, 2019, 7: e6849.