Distribution, flux and influencing factors of dissolved nitrous oxide in Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters in spring

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2024.04.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on a survey in Hangzhou Bay in March 2022, the distribution and sea-air exchange flux of N₂O in Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters in spring were investigated, and the influencing factors were analyzed. The dissolved N₂O concentration and saturation of surface water were 12.5-21.3 nmol·L^-1 and 115%-183%, respectively. The average N₂O concentration in the upper, middle and lower waters were 17.2±2.9, 14.1±0.8 and 13.2±0.7 nmol·L^-1, respectively, and the average saturation were 151%±17%, 125%±6% and 123%±6%, respectively. Dissolved N₂O in all sampling sites were in a supersaturated state. The spatial distribution of N₂O concentration and saturation in the surface water exhibited significant variations, with high values concentrated in the upstream area and gradually decreasing from west to east, while these showed a decreasing trend from north to south in middle and lower areas. The distribution of N₂O in the Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters was influenced by multiple factors such as temperature, estuarine mixing, river input and in situ bioproduction. The sea-air N₂O exchange flux ranged from 11.4 to 71.2 μmol·m^-2·d^-1, with an average of 29.5±16.0 μmol·m^-2·d^-1. Comparing with other domestic estuaries and bays, this is relatively high in Hangzhou Bay, indicating a significant potential for N₂O release. Combining the sea-air exchange flux and sea area, this study preliminarily estimated that the N₂O emission in Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters in spring was 3.5×10⁵ mol·d^-1, indicating its important role in atmospheric N₂O emissions.

Key words: Hangzhou Bay, Qiantang River, nitrous oxide, distribution feature, nitration, denitrification, sea-air exchange flux, source and sink pattern

CLC Number:

P734

XING Mingyao, LIN Hua, YANG Zhi, WANG Bin, LI Yangjie, ZHANG Qianjiang, CHEN Qianna, ZHENG Hao, CHEN Jianfang. Distribution, flux and influencing factors of dissolved nitrous oxide in Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent waters in spring[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2024, 42(4): 58-69.

Figures/Tables 8

References 54

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项目	温度/℃	盐度	c(NO₃^-)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(NH₄⁺)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(NO₂^-)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(DIN)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(DO)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(N₂O) / (nmol·L^-1)	R(N₂O)/%
上游表层	13.6±1.6	4.6±3.4	146.5±13.8	4.1±3.5	2.6±1.3	153.2±14.6		17.2±2.9	151±17
中游表层	12.0±0.4	16.7±3.2	83.6±19.0	0.8±0.3	0.3±0.3	84.8±19.0	305±8	14.1±0.8	125±6
中游底层	11.5±0.3	17.1±3.3	81.4±18.1	1.1±0.4	0.3±0.2	82.8±18.2	307±7	14.2±0.6	125±5
下游表层	12.1±0.7	22.2±5.2	50.9±17.5	1.2±1.0	0.4±0.4	52.5±18.7	295±14	13.2±0.7	123±6
下游底层	12.1±0.6	30.5±2.1	25.7±13.4	0.6±0.3	0.3±0.1	26.6±13.1	283±8	12.4±0.6	120±7

项目	温度/℃	盐度	c(NO₃^-)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(NH₄⁺)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(NO₂^-)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(DIN)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(DO)/ (μmol·L^-1)	c(N₂O) / (nmol·L^-1)	R(N₂O)/%
上游表层	13.6±1.6	4.6±3.4	146.5±13.8	4.1±3.5	2.6±1.3	153.2±14.6		17.2±2.9	151±17
中游表层	12.0±0.4	16.7±3.2	83.6±19.0	0.8±0.3	0.3±0.3	84.8±19.0	305±8	14.1±0.8	125±6
中游底层	11.5±0.3	17.1±3.3	81.4±18.1	1.1±0.4	0.3±0.2	82.8±18.2	307±7	14.2±0.6	125±5
下游表层	12.1±0.7	22.2±5.2	50.9±17.5	1.2±1.0	0.4±0.4	52.5±18.7	295±14	13.2±0.7	123±6
下游底层	12.1±0.6	30.5±2.1	25.7±13.4	0.6±0.3	0.3±0.1	26.6±13.1	283±8	12.4±0.6	120±7

项目	F_Borges/(μmol·m^-2·d^-1)	F_N2000/(μmol·m^-2·d^-1)	F_W2014/(μmol·m^-2·d^-1)	面积/km²	N₂O释放量/(mol·d^-1)
上游	43.0±15.6	39.5±14.3	34.7±12.5	1 250	0.5×10⁵
中游	20.2±5.2	18.6±4.8	16.3±4.2	8 200	1.7×10⁵
下游	17.5±4.9	16.1±4.5	14.1±3.9	7 600	1.3×10⁵

项目	F_Borges/(μmol·m^-2·d^-1)	F_N2000/(μmol·m^-2·d^-1)	F_W2014/(μmol·m^-2·d^-1)	面积/km²	N₂O释放量/(mol·d^-1)
上游	43.0±15.6	39.5±14.3	34.7±12.5	1 250	0.5×10⁵
中游	20.2±5.2	18.6±4.8	16.3±4.2	8 200	1.7×10⁵
下游	17.5±4.9	16.1±4.5	14.1±3.9	7 600	1.3×10⁵

海域	调查时间	N₂O浓度/(nmol·L^-1)	N₂O饱和度/%	N₂O海-气交换通量/(μmol·m^-2·d^-1)	文献
渤海湾	2020年7月	32.5±7.0	495.1±101	25.9±6.7^a;32±8.27^b	[45]
渤海湾	2020年10月	23.2±6.5	249.8±80.4	22.1±13.3^a;19.1±11.5^b	[45]
胶州湾	2006年8月	8.10±1.38	122±20	1.37±1.24^c;3.31±3.00^d	[46]
	2006年12月	32.26±13.15	294±120	27.18±16.85^c;53.28±33.03^d	[46]
	2007年4月	17.37±2.65	172±29	6.83±2.69^c;14.38±5.66^d	[46]
	2007年10月	12.11±0.48	143±7	3.41±0.55^c;7.59±1.23^d	[46]
桑沟湾	2013年4月	11.77±0.52	99.21±2.85	-0.41±1.37^c-0.48±2.86^d	[47]
	2013年7月	10.47±0.61	137.99±6.26	2.26±0.37^c;4.48±0.73^d	[47]
	2013年10月	10.59±1.02	129.76±12.83	0.16±0.13^c;0.81±0.86^d	[47]
	2014年1月	17.98±1.94	128.01±11.97	0.11±0.12^c;0.54±0.94^d	[47]
新村湾	2020年7月	5.52±0.50	100±9	0.01±0.09^c;0.10±0.53^d	[48]
新村湾	2021年1月	7.11±0.84	88±11	-0.07±0.12^c;-0.31±0.70^d	[48]
长江口	2011年3月	11.1	107	0.01^a;0.001^b	[24]
	2011年5月	10.1±0.7	122±7	4.4±5.9^a;4.4±6.3^b	[24]
	2011年8月	10.2±0.7	153±10	9.1±5.3^a;8.7±5.5^b	[24]
	2011年10月	7.7±0.6	99±5	0.2±1.2^a;0.2±1.2^b	[24]
	2012年3月	13.27±6.40	111.5±41.4	3.2±10.9^c;5.5±19.3^d;12.2±52.3^f	[49]
	2012年7月	10.62±5.03	155.9±68.4	7.3±12.4^c;12.7±20.4^d;20.4±35.9^f	[49]
珠江口	2010年3月	8.0~329.0	112~3 799	2.0~637.0^e	[50]
	2010年8月	8.0~97.0	138~1 477	0.1~227.0^e	[50]
	2011年1月	9.0~283.0	115~2 740	2.0~519.0^e	[50]
九龙江口	2020年7月	15.3~44.9	462.7±167.2	13.0~57.0^f	[51]
九龙江口	2020年12月	17.9~50.2	400.5±132.9	13.6~61.0^f	[51]
杭州湾	2022年3月	15.2±2.7	136±18	29.5±16.0^e;27.1±14.7^a;23.8±12.9^b	本研究