南海海洋热浪面积特征及其影响因素研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2024.04.003

海洋学研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4): 21-33.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2024.04.003

南海海洋热浪面积特征及其影响因素研究

彭晓萌¹^,²(), 于溢¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 马文涛¹^,²^,³, 闫运伟⁴

1.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江杭州 310012
2.卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江杭州 310012
3.东海实验室,浙江舟山 316000
4.河海大学海洋学院,江苏南京 210000

收稿日期:2024-01-24 修回日期:2024-04-01 出版日期:2024-12-15 发布日期:2025-02-08
通讯作者: 于溢
作者简介:*于溢(1988—),男,副研究员,主要从事全球碳循环模拟及机制分析方面的研究,E-mail:yiyu@sio.org.cn。
彭晓萌(1998—),女,山东省济宁市人,主要从事海洋热浪机制分析方面的研究,E-mail:pengxm2021@163.com。
基金资助:
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(JG2307)

The spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves and their influencing factors in the South China Sea

PENG Xiaomeng¹^,²(), YU Yi¹^,²^,³^,^*(), MA Wentao¹^,²^,³, YAN Yunwei⁴

1. Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Hangzhou 310012, China
3. Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan 316000, China
4. Oceanography College, Hohai University, Nanjing 210000, China

Received:2024-01-24 Revised:2024-04-01 Online:2024-12-15 Published:2025-02-08
Contact: YU Yi

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究基于1990—2020年高分辨率卫星遥感海面温度数据,采用深度优先搜索算法识别了南海海洋热浪面积,并探究了不同空间尺度南海海洋热浪的特征。研究结果表明,南海小尺度海洋热浪事件(Ⅰ类海洋热浪,面积<1.8×10⁴ km²)发生最为频繁,占总发生次数的94.20%。大尺度海洋热浪事件(Ⅲ类海洋热浪,面积>1.2×10⁵ km²)在31年期间仅发生74次,其中面积最大的热浪事件发生在2015年。进一步分析发现,不同面积海洋热浪的平均强度、持续时间以及发生频率的空间分布有显著差异性。相较于Ⅰ类海洋热浪,Ⅱ类海洋热浪(面积为1.8×10⁴~1.2×10⁵ km²)平均强度超过1.5 ℃的空间范围明显增加。统计分析表明,南海海洋热浪面积增加,其平均强度和累积强度均增强,持续时间也随之变长。Ⅲ类海洋热浪事件累积强度的中位数分别是Ⅰ类的1.4倍,是Ⅱ类的1.2倍。进一步研究发现,厄尔尼诺时期Ⅰ~Ⅲ类海洋热浪的面积均显著增加,并且存在6~7个月的滞后关系。厄尔尼诺时期Ⅲ类海洋热浪事件持续时间比拉尼娜时期长2 d。本研究探究了南海海洋热浪面积的基本特征,并进一步分析了不同空间尺度海洋热浪的共性和差异性,为研究南海海洋热浪生消特征及机制提供了新的研究思路。

关键词: 南海海洋热浪, 海洋热浪识别, 海洋热浪面积, 南海海面温度, 南海海面风场, 厄尔尼诺, 拉尼娜

Abstract:

Using the data of high resolution satellite sea surface temperature (SST) from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2020, the spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea were identified with a deep-first-search algorithm, and the characteristics of marine heatwaves at different spatial scales were further investigated. The results indicated that the small-scale marine heatwave events in the South China Sea (Type I MHWs, area<1.8×10⁴ km²) occurred the most frequently, accounting for 94.20% of the total marine heatwave occurrences. Large-scale marine heatwaves with areas exceeding 1.2×10⁵ km² (Type III MHWs) occurred only 74 times during the 31-year period, with the largest event recorded in 2015. Further analysis revealed significant differences in the spatial distribution of intensity, duration, and frequency of marine heatwaves for different spatial scales. Compared to Type I MHWs, Type II MHWs (1.8×10⁴~1.2×10⁵ km²) exhibited a noticeable increase in the average coverage area with an intensity exceeding 1.5 ℃. Statistical analysis showed that the intensity, duration, and cumulative intensity of South China Sea MHWs increased with the spatial scale of the MHWs. The intensity of Type III MHWs was 1.4 times that of Type I MHWs and 1.2 times that of Type II MHWs. In addition, the response of South China Sea MHWs areas to the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was also investigated. The results showed a significant increase in the areas of Type I to III MHWs during El Ni?o periods, with a lag of 6 to 7 months. The duration of Type III MHWs during El Ni?o was longer by 2 days compared to La Ni?a periods. This study explored the fundamental characteristics of South China Sea MHWs areas and further analyzed the commonalities and differences of MHWs at different spatial scales, providing new insights into the characteristics and mechanisms of the formation and dissipation of South China Sea MHWs.

Key words: South China sea marine heatwave, marine heatwave detection, spatial structures of marine heatwave, sea surface temperature of the South China Sea, sea surface wind of the South China Sea, El Ni?o, La Ni?a

中图分类号:

P731.11

彭晓萌, 于溢, 马文涛, 闫运伟. 南海海洋热浪面积特征及其影响因素研究[J]. 海洋学研究, 2024, 42(4): 21-33.

PENG Xiaomeng, YU Yi, MA Wentao, YAN Yunwei. The spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves and their influencing factors in the South China Sea[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2024, 42(4): 21-33.

图/表 13

图1 海洋热浪定义示意图(a)及1999年1月18日南海海洋热浪空间分布(b)

Fig.1 Schematic of metrics used to define a marine heatwave (a), and distribution of MHWs in the South China Sea on January 18, 1999 (b)

表1 海洋热浪的基本特征要素

Tab.1 The metrics to character marine heatwaves

指标	定义	计算公式	单位
θ_clim	在一个时段内计算的气候态SST	$θ c l i m (j) = ∑ y s y e ∑ j - 5 j + 5 θ (y, d) 11 (y e - y s + 1)$	℃
m₉₀	气候态SST的第90百分位数	m₉₀(j)=P₉₀(X)	℃
t_dur	海洋热浪持续的时间	t_dur=t_e-t_s	d
f	海洋热浪发生的频次	f=n	次
I_mean	平均强度,即在海洋热浪持续时间中的平均异常温度	$I m e a n = θ (t) - θ c l i m (j) ˉ$	℃
I_cum	累积强度,即从开始时间到结束时间内异常温度的总和	$I c u m = ∫ t s t e ? [θ (t) ? θ c l i m (j)] d t$	℃·d

表1 海洋热浪的基本特征要素

Tab.1 The metrics to character marine heatwaves

指标	定义	计算公式	单位
θ_clim	在一个时段内计算的气候态SST	$θ c l i m (j) = ∑ y s y e ∑ j - 5 j + 5 θ (y, d) 11 (y e - y s + 1)$	℃
m₉₀	气候态SST的第90百分位数	m₉₀(j)=P₉₀(X)	℃
t_dur	海洋热浪持续的时间	t_dur=t_e-t_s	d
f	海洋热浪发生的频次	f=n	次
I_mean	平均强度,即在海洋热浪持续时间中的平均异常温度	$I m e a n = θ (t) - θ c l i m (j) ˉ$	℃
I_cum	累积强度,即从开始时间到结束时间内异常温度的总和	$I c u m = ∫ t s t e ? [θ (t) ? θ c l i m (j)] d t$	℃·d

图2 深度搜索算法示例图(a)以及1999年1月18日海洋热浪事件面积示意图(b) (图a中不同颜色箭头代表不同访问顺序。图b中不同颜色代表不同的海洋热浪事件。)

Fig. 2 Depth-first-search algorithm example diagram (a), and the area diagram of the MHWs events occurred on January 18, 1999 (b) (In fig.a, arrow paths indicate the visiting order. In fig.b, different colors represent different MHWs events.)

表2 1990—2020年三种类型海洋热浪的基本特征

Tab.2 The characteristics of three types of MHWs from 1990 to 2020

类别	占比/%	总面积/km²	总次数/次	平均面积/km²
Ⅰ类	94.20	161 175 000	51 445	3 133
Ⅱ类	5.67	109 211 100	3 096	35 275
Ⅲ类	0.13	12 783 900	74	172 755

图3 三种类型南海海洋热浪面积概率密度图

Fig.3 Area probability density map of three types of MHWs in the South China Sea

图4 1990—2020年南海海洋热浪的平均强度(a)、持续时间(b)以及发生频率(c)的空间分布

Fig.4 The distribution of mean intensity (a), duration (b) and frequency (c) of MHWs in the South China Sea from 1990 to 2020

图5 南海三种类型海洋热浪的平均强度(a, b, c)、持续时间(d, e, f)以及发生频率(g, h, i)的空间分布

Fig.5 The distribution of mean intensity (a, b, c), duration (d, e, f) and frequency (g, h, i) for three types of MHWs in the South China Sea

图6 三种类型海洋热浪的平均强度(a)、持续时间(b)以及累积强度(c)箱式图

Fig.6 The box plot of mean intensity (a), duration (b) and cumulative intensity (c) for three types of MHWs

图7 1990—2020年南海三种类型海洋热浪每月发生的热浪总面积以及Ni?o3.4指数的时间序列 (图中橙色代表海洋热浪每月发生的总面积,红色表示Ni?o3.4指数正值,蓝色表示Ni?o3.4指数负值,灰色虚线为Ni?o3.4指数的±0.5 ℃等值线。)

Fig.7 The time series of monthly total area of the three types of MHWs in the South China Sea and the Ni?o3.4 index from 1990 to 2020 (The orange color denotes the monthly total area of MHWs, the red color denotes positive Ni?o3.4 index values, the blue color denotes negative Ni?o3.4 index values, the gray dashed lines denote ±0.5 ℃ Ni?o3.4 index.)

图8 厄尔尼诺时期和拉尼娜时期三种类型海洋热浪平均强度(a,d,g)、持续时间(b,e,h)以及每月发生总面积(c,f,i)的箱式图

Fig.8 The box plot of mean intensity (a, d, g), duration (b, e, h), monthly total area (c, f, i) for three types of MHWs during El Ni?o events and La Ni?a events

图9 厄尔尼诺事件期间南海三种类型海洋热浪的平均强度(a, b, c)、持续时间(d, e, f)以及发生频率(g, h, i)的空间分布

Fig.9 The distribution of mean intensity (a, b, c), duration (d, e, f), frequency (g, h, i) of three types of MHWs in the South China Sea during El Ni?o events

图10 拉尼娜事件期间南海三种类型海洋热浪的平均强度(a, b, c)、持续时间(d, e, f)以及发生频率(g, h, i)的空间分布

Fig.10 The distribution of mean intensity (a, b, c), duration (d, e, f), frequency (g, h, i) of three types of MHWs in the South China Sea during La Ni?a events

图11 气候态平均的南海夏季风场(a)和冬季风场(b);厄尔尼诺发生时期南海夏季(c)和冬季(d)相对于气候态平均的风场异常分布

Fig.11 The climatological mean surface wind vectors in summer (a) and winter (b); the anomalous surface wind vectors in summer (c) and winter (d) in the South China Sea during El Ni?o events

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南海海洋热浪面积特征及其影响因素研究

The spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves and their influencing factors in the South China Sea

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