Mangroves, coastal salt marshes and seagrass beds, as the typical coastal blue carbon ecosystems, have been widely recognized for their remarkable capacity in carbon storage. Vegetation carbon pool and sediment (or soil) carbon pool were considered to be the major carbon pools within the coastal blue ecosystems and their variations determined the overall carbon sequestration of the ecosystems. From a perspective of carbon pool interactions, this study summarized the previous research work based on literature review, including the interactions within various vegetation carbon pools and within various sediment carbon pools, as well as the interactions between vegetation and sediment carbon pools. Interspecific competition, allochthonous carbon input and biogeomorphology were found to be the key to understand the carbon pool interactions. Finally, a perspective on the current state-of-the-art of blue carbon pool study is offered, with challenges and suggestions for future directions.
Based on the sea surface wind data at 10 m during 1979 to 2018 from European Center for MediumRange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Growing Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map (GHSOM) method were used to analyze the seasonal variation and interannual anomaly variation characteristics of near-surface wind field over the South China Sea (SCS). Four feature patterns are extracted in the first-layer GHSOM from original wind field data, which highly summarize the seasonal variation characteristics, and the second-layer results reveal the monthly variation characteristics. Four anomaly feature patterns also are extracted in the first-layer GHSOM network and they are anticyclonic wind anomaly, cyclonic wind anomaly, southwest wind anomaly and northeast wind anomaly patterns, respectively. Anticyclonic and cyclonic wind anomaly patterns are closely related to ENSO events with time lags by three months and five months comparing with Niño3.4 index. Anticyclonic and cyclonic wind anomalies also show asymmetry, that is, the amplitude of anticyclonic wind anomaly is obviously larger than that of cyclonic wind anomaly. The occurrence frequency of the northeast wind anomaly pattern is greater than that of the southwest wind anomaly pattern. The more SOM patterns in the second layer expose particulars of anomaly wind.
The foot of the continental slope is an important topographical feature of the continental margin. Its the basis for coastal states to extend its continental shelf rights and to delimit the outer limit of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Its also an important technical parameter that the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf pays special attention to when considering the submissions of coastal states. The formulation of the continental shelf regime in Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea originates from the typical passive continental margin. However, due to the diversity and complexity of the global continental margin, especially the transformation and influence of late tectonic activities and sedimentation on the continental margin, the seabed topography is extremely complex and changeable, which makes it very difficult to identify the foot of the continental slope. In addition, in order to obtain the largest extent of the outer continental shelf, each coastal state has interpreted the relevant provisions of the foot of the continental slope in their own favor, making the foot of the continental slope a hot and controversial issue in the delimitation of the outer continental shelf. Based on the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the "Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf" on the foot of the continental slope, combined with the geological characteristics of different types of continental margins and the delimitation practice of various coastal states, the determination of the base of the continental slope, the selection of the point of greatest change and the application of the evidence to the contrary are discussed.
Costal ocean receives a bunch of carbon materials and nutrients from terrestrial sources, relates a lot of carbon-involving interactions. Meanwhile, it is normal that sedimentary reservoir-cap systems with good trap conditions beneath coastal ocean, these entrapments have potentials to storage CO2. This review focuses on the coastal ocean as the research object, and introduces the carbon cycle processes in coastal ocean, their factors which could influence CO2 fluxes in the carbon cycle processes, and the potential carbon storage mechanisms of the coastal marine sedimentary basins. From the perspective of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, the significance of coastal oceans for “Ocean Negative Carbon Emission (ONCE)”, its potential promotion paths, carbon storage potentials in sedimentary basins and the problems faced by coastal oceans are discussed. Overall, the costal ocean is one of the important blue carbon sink areas. In the coastal marine seawater system, improving the reaction efficiency of microbial carbon pump and carbonate carbon pump have positive significance for CO2 negative emissions; The suitable reservoir-cap systems for CO2 storage beneath coastal ocean can not only provide extra spaces, but also guarantee the safety for CO2 storage. In the future, the main research directions should be to inhibit the conversion process of carbon materials to CO2 in coastal oceans and ensure the safety of CO2 storage in sedimentary reservoirs, these could provide theoretical basis and technical guarantee for CO2 negative emissions.
Carbon stock variation observation forms the basis for coastal saltmarsh blue carbon sink accounting. In order to accurately estimate the carbon sequestration rate of coastal saltmarshes over a short-term scale (seasonal to annual), this study carried out field observations and sample collections within a coastal saltmarsh on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay, covering different seasons of 2022. This study was primarily based on high-resolution surface monitoring by Surface Elevation Table (SET) systems. The results revealed a seasonal plant growth pattern between March and September for both the native species Scirpus mariqueter and the exotic species Spartina alterniflora. In terms of belowground biotic carbon stock changes, over the growing season, the carbon stock increase for Scirpus mariqueter reached 11 g C·m-2 whilst this value was 56 g C·m-2 for Spartina alterniflora. The SET data indicated a sedimentation rate of 13.02 cm·a-1 within the Spartina alterniflora saltmarsh, higher than that of the Scirpus mariqueter saltmarsh, 12.30 cm·a-1. Calculating the sedimentation rate data with sediment bulk density and organic carbon content, the sediment carbon accumulation rate of Scirpus mariqueter saltmarsh was estimated to be 460 g C·m-2·a-1, lower than 588 g C·m-2·a-1 of the Spartina alterniflora saltmarsh. Combining the biotic carbon stock increase and sediment carbon stock increase, the carbon sequestration rate for the Spartina alterniflora saltmarsh was found to be 644 g C·m-2·a-1, higher than the value of Scirpus mariqueter saltmarsh, 471 g C·m-2·a-1. Thus, the difference in carbon sequestration abilities of native and exotic species should be considered for future coastal blue carbon management.
Artificial intelligence in oceanography has demonstrated a great potential with the explosive growth of ocean observation data and numerical model products. This article first reviews the history of ocean big data development, and then introduces in detail the current status of artificial intelligence in oceanography applications including identifying ocean phenomenon, forecasting ocean variables and phenomenon, estimating dynamic parameters, correcting forecast errors, and solving dynamic equations. Specifically, this article elaborates the research on the intelligent identification of ocean eddies, internal waves and sea ice, the intelligent prediction of sea surface temperatures, El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, storm surges, waves and currents, the intelligent estimation of ocean turbulence parameterization for numerical models, and the intelligent correction of waves and current forecast errors. In addition, it discusses the recent progress of applying physical mechanism fusion and Fourier neural operator for solving ocean dynamic equations. This article is based on the current status of artificial intelligence in oceanography and aims to provide a comprehensive demonstration of the advantages and potential of applying artificial intelligence methods in the field of oceanography. With the two emerging research hotspots: digital twin oceans and artificial intelligence large models, the future development direction of artificial intelligence provides enlightenment and reference for interested scientists and researchers.
Coastal bays are greatly affected by human activities and natural changes, and the influence mechanism of variation in seawater carbon source and sink patterns is extremely complex. Due to the small spatial scale of the bay, it is necessary to use wide-bands high-spatial resolution satellite remote sensing for monitoring the air-sea CO2 flux. Compared with the traditional kilometer-level ocean color satellite data, the retrieval of the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), the key parameter to calculate air-sea CO2 flux, is extremely challenging in small-scale bays. Taking Xiangshan Bay in Zhejiang Province in autumn as an example, a satellite retrieval algorithm for sea surface pCO2 was proposed based on the in situ pCO2 data and Sentinel-2 satellite images in the past five years, using the machine learning method of support vector machine (SVM). The algorithm validation results showed a good performance with R2 of 0.92 and RMSE of 23.23 μatm, and the satellite-derived results were consistent with the in situ values. On this basis, the satellite products of pCO2 in Xiangshan Bay in autumn from 2017 to 2021 (September to November) were produced. The results revealed that the pCO2 of Xiangshan Bay showed a decreasing trend from the top of the bay to the mouth of the bay, with an average value of 514.56 μatm, of which the average pCO2 in the inner bay was 551.94 μatm and the average pCO2 in the outer bay was 477.19 μatm, which implied that Xiangshan Bay was a source of atmospheric CO2 as a whole. There was no significant trend change of pCO2 in autumn in the past five years. Combined with the analysis of in situ data of multiple parameters, it was found that the sea surface pCO2 of autumn in Xiangshan Bay in 2021 was jointly regulated by physical mixing and biological activities. Sea surface temperature (SST) had a good positive correlation with pCO2, which was mainly reflected by the thermodynamic equilibrium of carbonate system. In addition, the normalized pCO2(NpCO2) with average temperature had a good negative correlation with seawater salinity and dissolved oxygen saturation. The relationship between NpCO2 and salinity resulted from the exchange of sea water inside the bay and offshore coastal water under tidal effect. Long-time series satellite data analysis also confirmed that sea surface pCO2 had a relatively consistent trend with the average tide height inside and outside the bay, and this trend was stronger in the outside bay than that in the inner bay. In this study, a set of pCO2 remote sensing retrieval methods in the small-scale bay was constructed, which laid a good foundation for the subsequent long-time series satellite monitoring of sea-air CO2 fluxes.
Marine gas hydrate deposits are significant temporal reservoirs for hydrocarbons migrating from deep sources. This is crucial to our understanding of ocean carbon cycling. The cold seep, a geological process regarding gas leakage from deep or shallow sources, is usually linked with gas hydrate decomposition. In this thesis, we reviewed the latest applications of in situ monitoring and detecting methods regarding the leakage plumes, migration pathways, and seafloor geomorphologies associated with gas hydrate and cold seep systems, primarily including vessel-and land-based gas plume measurements, surface ocean-lower atmosphere hydrocarbon emission detections, seafloor visualization techniques, and in situ observation networks. The integrated applications of these in situ observation methods provide a nuanced view of the temporal and spatial variability of hydrate and cold seep systems, facilitate understanding of the fate of hydrocarbons, and expand our knowledge of cold-seep biota in a watery desert.